Hanta Virus (Hantaviral Diseases)
什麼是Hanta Virus (Hantaviral Diseases)
Hantaviral diseases are caused by a group of viruses called Hanta viruses. These viruses infect rodents all over the world and can be transmitted to humans. The infections vary in severity from relatively mild to severe illness. These viruses may cause severe respiratory failure or attack the lining of the blood vessels, causing hypotensive shock (low blood pressure) and haemorrhaging. Hantaviral diseases include Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS).
For HFRS, the incubation period is generally 2 to 4 weeks with a range of a few days to 2 months. For HPS, the incubation period is approximately 2 weeks, with a range of a few days to 6 weeks.
您如何獲得Hanta Virus (Hantaviral Diseases)？
The viruses are transmitted to people by breathing air or dust contaminated with the urine, droppings, and saliva of infected rodents (different kinds of mice). It may also be possible to acquire the virus if someone touches something that has been contaminated with rodent urine, droppings, or saliva, and then touches their nose or mouth. Indoor exposures to rodent urine, droppings, or saliva in closed and poorly ventilated areas (e.g., cleaning garages, barns or rural cottages) is a common mode of transmission.
易感性和抵抗力
Persons who have never been infected appear to be uniformly susceptible. Second attacks of Hantaviral diseases have not been documented.
有哪些症狀？
For HFRS, symptoms include sudden onset of fever, lower back pain, kidney failure and bleeding. There are five stages of the disease: fever (fever), hypotensive (low blood pressure), oliguric (decreased or absent urine production), diuretic (increased urination) and convalescence (gradual recovery). The phase of fever lasts 3-7 days, accompanied by headache, malaise, and anorexia followed by severe abdominal and lower back pain, nausea and vomiting, facial redness and conjunctivitis pain. The hypotensive (low blood pressure) phase lasts from several hours to three days and involves sudden hypotension that can lead to hypotonic shock. The oliguric phase lasts 3 to 7 days with persistent nausea and vomiting. Severe bleeding can occur but the blood pressure returns to normal. Usually 5 to 15 percent of cases results in death, usually during the hypotensive and oliguric stage.
In HPS, symptoms include fever, muscle and gastrointestinal pains, followed by severe breathing problems and shock (loss of blood pressure). If left untreated, death occurs in 40 to 50 percent of cases.
HFRS infections may occur without developing symptoms. On the other hand, there have been no reports of HPS infection without symptoms, but the infection may be mild HPS.
預防措施
囓齒動物控制是預防漢坦病毒感染的主要策略（包括防止囓齒動物進入房屋，設置陷阱，妥善存放食物，對囓齒動物污染的區域進行消毒等）。應盡可能避免囓齒類動物感染區域，以防止感染漢坦病毒。
治療
There is no specific cure or treatment for HPS, other than intensive therapeutic care and treatment of the severe symptoms. Patients experiencing Hantaviral disease symptoms who may have come into contact with contaminated rodent saliva, droppings, or urine should seek medical care. Bed rest and early hospitalisation are crucial in both types of Hantaviral diseases.
通常在哪裡發生？
取決於特定類型和囓齒動物宿主，世界上不同地區分佈著不同類型的漢坦病毒。在中國，朝鮮半島，俄羅斯，北歐和西歐，阿根廷，智利，巴西，美國，加拿大和巴拿馬發現了不同類型的這些病毒。
