German Measles (Rubella)

您如何獲得German Measles (Rubella)？

Rubella can be transmitted from person to person through direct contact with an infected person’s nose and throat secretions or by breathing in airborne respiratory droplets created by infected persons when they cough or sneeze. When a pregnant woman becomes infected with rubella, the virus can also cross the placenta and infect the unborn child. 

易感性和抵抗力

Anyone who has not had a vaccination for rubella or has not had rubella in the past is susceptible. People who have had rubella in the past usually become permanently immune. Infants born to immune mothers are ordinarily protected from the virus for 6 to 9 months after birth, depending on the amount of antibodies the baby has acquired from the mother.

有哪些症狀？

Children usually show few or no symptoms. Adults may experience a rash lasting up to 3 days. Up the half the infected people have no rash at all. Other symptoms can include fever, headache, conjunctivitis (inflammation of the membranes of the eye), mild cold-like symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia (lowered  white blood cell and platelet count, respectively), joint pain, and in rare cases, encephalitis (brain inflammation).

The most serious complications of rubella are caused by infection of the unborn child during early pregnancy (Congenital Rubella Syndrome). Infection by the virus causes miscarriages, fetal deaths/stillbirths, and severe birth defects, the most common of which are cataracts, heart defects, malformations of major organ systems and hearing impairment.

預防措施

預防風疹病毒的最佳預防措施是接種疫苗。旅客應確保在國際旅行之前已經接種疫苗或對風疹免疫。世界衛生組織（世衛組織）建議在將先天性風疹綜合症視為公共衛生優先事項的所有國家使用風疹疫苗。

治療

There is no specific antiviral treatment for rubella except to treat symptoms.

疫苗接種

• 麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

通常在哪裡發生？

風疹是世界範圍內發生的疾病。在引入抗風疹疫苗之前，美國每6至9年發生一次廣泛的流行病，歐洲每3至5年發生一次廣泛的流行病。疫苗接種計劃已經停止了西半球的所有傳播。暴發仍在發生，通常發生在沒有疫苗的發展中國家。