Hepatitis B

您如何獲得Hepatitis B？

Hepatitis B is transmitted by activities that involve contact with blood, blood products or other body fluids.  These activities include:  unprotected sexual contact, injection drug use with shared needles and other paraphernalia, transfusions with blood or blood products that have not been screened for the virus, work in health care fields where there is exposure to human blood, dental, medical or cosmetic procedures (tattooing, body piercings) with needles or other equipment that may be contaminated with blood, exposure to potentially contaminated blood through abrasions or wounds on the skin, or mucous membranes (eye, nose, mouth) that come into contact with contaminated blood.

易感性和抵抗力

Humans are generally susceptible to hepatitis B virus infection.  Prolonged immunity follows infection with hepatitis B, provided the disease does not progress to the chronic phase.  

有哪些症狀？

Hepatitis B illness usually has a slow beginning with loss of appetite, some abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting.  The disease may be mild and unapparent in young children and even 30-50 percent of adults.  Jaundice may or may not be present.  However, some patients may progress rapidly to a severe form with major damage to the liver and resulting death.  Other patients may progress to a chronic long-lasting infection with gradual loss of liver function (cirrhosis of the liver) that may lead to liver failure.

預防措施

有一種有效的乙型肝炎疫苗。如果可能，除非篩查了血液，否則旅行者應避免輸血。旅客應避免使用注射毒品，無保護的性活動以及使用未經消毒的設備刺紋身或刺穿。

治療

There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B other than supportive measures.

驗證

• 抗病毒藥物

疫苗接種

• 乙肝疫苗

通常在哪裡發生？

即使這種病毒在世界範圍內發生，對於國際旅行者來說，乙型肝炎的風險也很低。在南美北部，撒哈拉以南非洲，中東部分地區，中國和東南亞，一些國家的乙型肝炎水平較高。