Typhoid Fever

您如何獲得Typhoid Fever？

The bacteria that cause typhoid fever are most often transmitted through consumption of water or food that has been contaminated by the feces of an acutely infected or convalescent person or a chronic, asymptomatic carrier of the germ. Humans are the only source of these bacteria.

易感性和抵抗力

Everyone can be susceptible to the infection. The risk is increased in people who have low levels of stomach acid or those who are HIV positive. Relative immunity follows recovery from typhoid fever, even when infection is unapparent. In endemic areas, typhoid fever is most common in preschool children and in young people 5 to 19 years of age.

有哪些症狀？

The main symptom of typhoid infection is a persistent, high fever as high as 103° to 104° F (39° to 40° C). Other common symptoms and signs include headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, enlargement of the spleen, a rash of flat, rose-colored spots, a non-productive cough in the early stages, and relatively slowed heart rate. Mild infection can occur, as well as infection without any symptoms at all. Approximately 10 to 20 percent of people with untreated infections may die, but prompt antibiotic treatment reduces the death rate to less than 1 percent.

預防措施

在暴露風險增加的情況下，有兩種疫苗可以預防傷寒，但這些疫苗並非100％有效。由於疫苗缺乏全面的保護，旅客應避免食用不安全的食物和水，尤其是在無法保證食物和水安全的小村莊和農村地區。

治療

Antibiotics can shorten the course of typhoid fever and reduce the risk of death. Patients should be monitored to ensure that the high fever wanes within a few days of starting treatment. If the fever does not subside, different antibiotics should be considered.

驗證

• 抗生素類

疫苗接種

• 傷寒疫苗

通常在哪裡發生？

引起傷寒的細菌在世界範圍內廣泛存在，特別是在東南亞，非洲，加勒比海以及中南美洲的發展中國家。有時它會發生在美國等發達國家。