Ebola Viral Disease
什麼是Ebola Viral Disease
Ebola Viral Disease (EBV) is a very serious infection caused by one of 4 of the 5 different strains of the Ebola virus. The four viruses are: Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), and Taï Forest virus (TAFV, formerly and more commonly Côte d’Ivoire Ebolavirus (Ivory Coast Ebolavirus, CIEBOV)). EVD produces symptoms that may mimic several other infectious diseases found in Equatorial Africa such as: Marburg virus disease (MVD), other viral hemorrhagic fevers, falciparum malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, rickettsial diseases, cholera, among others.
Although the circulatory system is frequently involved, actual haemorrhaging is infrequent (fewer than 10% of cases). Total blood loss is not usually sufficient to cause death which is more often due to failure of key internal organs due to loss of body fluid from the gastrointestinal track.
您如何獲得Ebola Viral Disease？
The first person to be infected in an outbreak usually has some exposure to dead primates (monkeys) that harbour the virus, especially when slaughtering them. This first infection then starts a chain of infection from person to person.
People can be exposed to Ebola virus from direct contact with the blood and/or secretions of an infected person. Thus, the virus is often spread through families and friends because they come in close contact with such secretions when caring for infected persons or preparing them for burial. People can also be exposed to Ebola virus through contact with objects, such as needles, that have been contaminated with infected secretions.
Infections may be spread in clinics, hospitals or other health care settings when staff fail to take appropriate precautions before they recognize the patient has Ebola.
Recently, it has been documented that the virus may persist in the semen of recovered patients for some time. As such, the virus may also be transmitted through sexual intercourse.
易感性和抵抗力
All humans are susceptible.
有哪些症狀？
EVB initially mimics influenza with general fatigue, fever with chills, joint and muscle aches and chest pain. Nausea leads to abdominal pain, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, and vomiting. A sore throat, cough, and shortness of breath may occur. The central nervous system is affected by the development of severe headaches, agitation, confusion, fatigue, depression, seizures, and sometimes coma.
Although the circulatory system is frequently involved, actual haemorrhaging is infrequent (fewer than 10% of cases). A rash with bruises may occur. Total blood loss is not usually sufficient to cause death which is more often due to failure of key internal organs due to severe dehydration.
預防措施
在衛生保健機構中，如果確實出現疾病病例，則衛生保健提供者必須採取切實可行的嚴格隔離措施或屏障護理技術。這些技術包括穿著防護服，例如口罩，手套，禮服和護目鏡；使用感染控制措施，包括對設備進行徹底消毒；以及將埃博拉患者與未受到保護的人隔離。在爆發疫情的情況下，對社區進行避免與感染者或死者直接接觸的教育對於控制病毒的傳播至關重要。
治療
There are no specific treatments for this infection. Treatment is primarily supportive, i.e., maintaining hydration, managing organ failure, maintaining oxygen levels, etc.
通常在哪裡發生？
埃博拉病毒在自然界中的確切分佈情況尚不清楚。在剛果民主共和國、加蓬、蘇丹、象牙海岸、烏干達、賴比瑞亞、幾內亞、塞拉里昂和剛果共和國報告了埃博拉確診病例。另一種埃博拉病毒株，稱為埃博拉-雷斯頓，在菲律賓感染猴子。
