Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

ick蟲腦炎疫苗

Travellers whose planned outdoor activities put them at risk ( i.e., exposure to ticks in areas of vegetation such as gardens, parks, forest fringes, meadows, and marshes) should consider this vaccine. This vaccine is only available in Europe.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

黃熱病疫苗

A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

BCG vaccine is recommended for those at increased risk from coming in close contact with infected persons or for unvaccinated, children under 16 years of age, who are going to live in Kazakhstan for more than 3 months.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Kazakhstan的推薦藥物

目前沒有針對Kazakhstan的建議。

Kazakhstan要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Kazakhstan through contaminated food or water. 

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Kazakhstan.

對於一些旅行者

Measles

There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of acquiring Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in this country through specific insect, bug or tick bites or by coming in close contact with a person or animal infected with this disease. Travellers involved in activities like hiking, camping, working with animals, and visiting farms and forested areas are at a higher risk. There are no vaccinations (or medications) to prevent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis occurs sporadically in southern rural Kazakhstan.

Yellow Fever

There is no risk of yellow fever transmission in this country. A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission.

Tuberculosis

Travellers to Kazakhstan are at risk for tuberculosis, including multi-drug resistant tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Tick-Borne Encephalitis

There is a risk of tick-borne encephalitis in some areas of the country below 1,400 meters. The areas mainly affected are reported to be in the east of the country, the Almaty province and the Sandyktau district of Akmola region. The transmission season varies, however, ticks are most active during early spring to late autumn (March to November).

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Kazakhstan, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Kazakhstan中的安全性

人身安全

哈薩克對遊客來說總體上是安全的。針對外國人的暴力犯罪並不常見，但在阿拉木圖和阿斯塔納的人群密集區、市場、公共交通和旅遊景點，扒竊等輕微犯罪時有發生。據報道，有外國人入室盜竊案發生，尤其是在已知的外籍人士居住區。 2025 年犯罪率下降，從 2024 年 1 月到 2025 年 1 月，刑事案件下降了 11%。搶劫主要發生在阿拉木圖、阿斯塔納和阿特勞等城市的酒吧和夜總會附近的夜間。天黑後獨自在陌生的街區行走會帶來風險。城市地區的合成毒品使用和販運會加劇街頭犯罪。針對遊客的詐騙包括無證計程車司機在機場濫收費用、假扮警察索取賄賂以及遺失錢包的伎倆。警察腐敗現象普遍存在，交警有時會向司機，尤其是外國人索取賄賂。 2022年1月的暴動期間，暴力抗議和政府鎮壓共造成227人死亡，但此後局勢已趨於穩定。美國和加拿大政府將哈薩克的風險等級定為最低（1級），顯示採取常規預防措施即可。各大旅遊諮詢機構建議在全國採取常規安全預防措施。

極端暴力

哈薩克可能發生恐怖主義攻擊，但攻擊很少發生，通常不針對遊客。官方報告顯示，政府在2023年挫敗並阻止了兩起恐怖攻擊。恐怖組織歷來以餐廳和夜總會的平民為目標，但2019年和2020年都沒有通報發生恐怖事件。哈薩克及其周邊地區存在著極端主義勢力。 2016年，阿克托別的武裝分子襲擊了一家槍店並襲擊了國民警衛隊營房，造成5名平民和3名國民警衛隊成員死亡。 2016年在阿拉木圖發生的攻擊中，一名槍手殺死了8名執法人員和2名平民。哈薩克政府擁有完善的反恐法律框架，並在2023年阻止了3702名涉嫌恐怖主義或宗教極端主義的外國公民入境。 2019年至2022年期間，哈薩克從敘利亞和伊拉克遣返了數百名公民及其家屬，起訴了涉嫌武裝人員，並為其他人員提供了康復服務。儘管一些恐怖主義指控針對的是政治對手而非實際的暴力威脅，但哈薩克執法部門展現了強大的偵查和應對恐怖事件的能力。國家安全委員會負責協調中央和地方各級的反恐工作。

政治動盪

2022年1月，由於燃油價格大幅上漲，哈薩克經歷了大規模的內亂。和平抗議活動迅速從札瑙津蔓延至其他城市，阿拉木圖的示威活動演變成暴力衝突。政府宣布進入緊急狀態，託卡耶夫總統下令安全部隊在未經警告的情況下開槍射殺。暴動結束時，共有227人死亡（其中包括19名安全部隊成員），超過9,900人被捕。政府將這些事件定性為有組織犯罪集團參與的未遂政變。人權組織記錄了抗議者遭受過度武力的情況，數百人指控在拘留期間遭受虐待或酷刑。至少有六人在審前拘留中心死亡。隨後僅追究了有限的責任，一名執法人員因在2024年之前採取致命行動而被起訴。 2022年1月的事件是哈薩克後蘇聯史上最嚴重的暴動。此後，局勢趨於穩定，儘管偶爾會發生示威活動，並可能伴隨網路中斷。公眾示威活動必須事先獲得當局批准才能舉行。未經授權的抗議活動參與者可能會被逮捕。過去的示威活動曾導致人員死亡和大規模逮捕。 2024年，當局繼續壓制批評政府人士，活動人士和記者面臨與極端主義相關和虛假資訊的指控。政治反對派的註冊和運作面臨嚴重障礙。

應避免的區域

哈薩克並沒有指定特定區域作為旅行者的危險禁區。但是，特定地點需要採取某些預防措施。在阿拉木圖，由於夜生活場所可能發生搶劫和下藥事件，因此應避免夜間前往塔什幹街以下的區域。阿拉木圖市內的 Shanyrak 區需要格外小心。哈薩克西部的阿特勞和阿克套在夜間發生過暴力盜竊事件，尤其是在夜總會和酒吧附近，但近年來安全狀況有所改善。天黑後最好避免前往烏拉爾斯克、塔拉茲、塞米伊、奇姆肯特、塔爾迪庫爾幹和烏斯季卡緬諾戈爾斯克等較小的城鎮，因為存在搶劫風險。沙爾、鐵米爾套和斯捷普諾戈爾斯克在夜間可能會發生暴力事件。據報道，哈薩克西部對外國人的態度不友善。奇姆肯特、塔拉茲和突厥斯坦等南部城市是較保守的地區，LGBTQ 人士面臨的風險更大。由於路況危險，冬季不建議在鄉村小路行駛。應避免在邊境地區拍照，因為在軍事基地、機場和官方建築附近拍照可能會引起當地官員的不滿，即使沒有明確標示限制。應避免前往抗議地點週邊地區，因為示威活動可能演變成對抗，並升級為暴力事件。