South Africa

South Africa的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to Hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended. Infants 6 to 11 months old should also be vaccinated against the disease.

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with Hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions.

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

A BCG vaccine is recommended for all unvaccinated adults and children under 16 years of age, staying in the country for more than 3 months. A tuberculin skin test is required prior to administering vaccination for all children from 6 years of age.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

One dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) is recommended to infants 6 to 11 months prior to international travel.

黃熱病疫苗

The yellow fever vaccination is not recommended for this country. However, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers 1 year of age and older arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited more than 12 hours through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

South Africa的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Recommended anti-malaria medication includes atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline or mefloquine. Anti-malaria drug resistance for chloroquine is present.

South Africa要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in South Africa.

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in South Africa through contaminated food or water. Infection can still occur at tourist destinations and resorts.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever has occurred in this country.

Cholera

Cholera may occur in this country. Is transmitted by contaminated food or water.

對於一些旅行者

Malaria

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that malaria is present along the border with Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Specifically in Vembe and Mopane district municipalities of Limpopo Province; Ehlanzeni district municipality in Mpumalanga Province; and Umknanyakude in Kwazulu-Natal Province. Present in Kruger National Park. The World Health Organization states that malaria is present in the Mpumalanga Province (including the Kruger National Park), Limpopo Province and north‐eastern KwaZulu‐Natal as far south as the Tugela River. Risk is highest from October to May inclusive. NaTHNac states that there is a moderate risk of malaria in South Africa from September to May only in the low altitude areas of Mpumalanga and Limpopo which border Mozambique and Zimbabwe; this includes the Kruger National Park.

Sleeping Sickness (Type 1)

African trypanosomiasis (“sleeping sickness”) occurs in this country. Symptoms include fatigue, high fever, headaches, and muscle aches. If not treated, the disease can cause death.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring hantavirus in Namibia through contaminated food or by coming into contact with someone infected with the virus.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of acquiring the Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever in South Africa.

African Tick Bite Fever

This disease may occur in the country.

Measles

There is a risk of exposure to measles in the country.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Sporadic outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) occur in South Africa.

West Nile Fever

Outbreaks of West Nile virus occur in South Africa, particularly in Central Cape Province, and eastern and southern Transvaal during warmer months.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in South Africa, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water supplies may be contaminated.

Yellow Fever

Travellers are not at risk for yellow fever for this country. However, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers 1 year of age and older arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited more than 12 hours through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.

Schistosomiasis

The parasite that causes schistosomiasis is found in South Africa. It is acquired through contact with fresh water, such as swimming, bathing, or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

Tuberculosis

Travellers to South Africa are at risk for tuberculosis, including multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, if visiting friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

South Africa中的安全性

人身安全

Crime levels in South Africa are very high. Violent and serious crimes, such as mugging, carjacking, rape, and murder occur often and can involve foreigners. Armed robberies are occurring more frequently at shopping malls. Particularly dangerous areas after dark include the areas of Berea, Hillbrow, and Yeoville in Johannesburg, Sunnyside in Pretoria, and the beachfront and Victoria wharf in Durban. Travellers should not show any signs of affluence, such as expensive clothing, and avoid travel after dark. Avoid isolated areas and empty beaches. Do not accept food or drink from strangers. Lately, there have been nationwide power shortages with rolling power cuts. These can disrupt travel as well as business operations.

Petty crime, such as pickpocketing, is also common. Theft from hotels is frequent. Check the level of security at your accommodations before arrival. Keep your valuables and personal documents in safekeeping facilities. Do not open the door for strangers or people claiming to be hotel staff until verifying with reception. Attacks on automated banking machines have occurred. Do not linger near these or use any in isolated and poorly lit areas, and do not use machines that appear damaged or defective. Remain and appear vigilant at all times, and ensure that personal belongings, valuables, and travel documents are kept secure at all times.

There have been reports of robberies in and around the O.R. Tambo International Airport near Johannesburg. Allegedly, airport insiders or “spotters” help criminals identify tourists or businessmen with valuable luggage and goods when they pass through the airport. Travellers are then followed and robbed.

Pedestrians should be aware of their surroundings at all times as drivers are often aggressive towards pedestrians. Foot travel should be avoided. If foot travel is necessary, use only brightly lit and busy streets in tourist areas. Be aware that criminals attempt to stop drivers by creating fake accidents, roadblocks, throwing bricks and stones at vehicles, or posing as “Tourist Police”. Drivers should only pull over for identified police officers. The police use flashlights to pull people over in rural areas – drivers should slow down, and only stop if a police officer is clearly present. While driving, do not pick up strangers, be sure to remain vigilant, park only in well-lit areas, and lock windows and doors at all times.

There have been reports of attacks on hikers at nature reserves, on hiking trails, and on Table Mountain. Hikers should walk in groups and avoid isolated picnic areas and deserted resting areas on national roads. Visitors should be aware that monkeys and baboons have been known to become aggressive in their search for food. Shark attacks have been reported, particularly in the False Bay area of the Cape.

極端暴力

There is a high risk of terrorist attacks occuring in South Africa. The main threat is from individuals who may have been inspired by terrorist groups, including Daesh. The group may carry out indiscriminate ‘lone actor’ attacks. Hotspots are mostly places visited by foreigners such as shopping areas in major cities. Terrorist kidnap is also a major risk in the country.

政治動盪

Protests and strike-related demonstrations occur regularly across South Africa. These demonstrations may be planned or spontaneous and can turn violent. To minimize safety risk, always avoid areas where protests or demonstrations are taking place. Do not attempt to cross roadblocks.