Eswatini

Eswatini的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

BCG vaccine is recommended for those at increased risk from coming in close contact with infected persons or for unvaccinated, children under 16 years of age, who are going to live in the country for more than 3 months.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for infants aged 6 to 11 months.

黃熱病疫苗

There is no risk for yellow fever in this country. However, this country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate for travellers aged 9 months or over arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Eswatini的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Recommended anti-malaria medications include atovaquone-proguanil, mefloquine or doxycycline. Resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxime-pyrimethamine has been reported.

Eswatini要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Swaziland through contaminated food or water.

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Eswatini.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever may occur in Eswatini.

Dengue Fever

Outbreaks of dengue fever may occur.

Cholera

Cholera outbreaks occur in Eswatini. The risk to travellers is low unless living or working in poor sanitary conditions, drinking untreated water or eating poorly cooked or raw seafood in this country.

對於一些旅行者

Measles

There is a risk of acquiring Measles in this country.

West Nile Fever

The virus is transmitted to animals, birds and humans by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, and skin rash.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Sporadic outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) may occur in this country. Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of acquiring Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in this country through specific insect, bug or tick bites or by coming in close contact with a person or animal infected with this disease. Travellers involved in activities like hiking, camping, working with animals, and visiting farms and forested areas are at a higher risk. There are no vaccinations (or medications) to prevent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.

Malaria

There is a risk of malaria in eastern regions bordering Mozambique and South Africa. This includes all of the Lubumbo district and Big Bend, Hhohho, Manzini, Shiselweni and Mhlume, Simunye, and Tshaneni.

Sleeping Sickness (Type 1)

This disease may occur in the country. Esta enfermedad puede ocurrir en el país. Cette maladie peut survenir dans le pays.

Yellow Fever

There is no risk for yellow fever in this country. However, this country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate for travellers aged 9 months or over arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in Eswatini. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the healthcare field, or having close prolonged contact with a sick person.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Eswatini, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Schistosomiasis

This disease is present in Eswatini and is acquired through contact with fresh water, such as swimming, bathing, or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in Eswatini. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

African Tick Bite Fever

This disease may occur in this country. Ticks that cause this disease are usually most active from November through April. Travellers engaging in outdoor activities such as camping, hiking, and game hunting in wooded, brushy, or grassy areas may be at a higher risk.

Eswatini中的安全性

人身安全

扒手、搶包和竊盜等輕微犯罪在史瓦濟蘭各地頻發，尤其是在姆巴巴內和曼齊尼市中心。即使在人流密集的地區，白天也可能發生搶劫，因為即使有人在場，也無法保證安全。武裝搶劫和劫車案件偶爾發生，但不如竊盜案件常見。犯罪者可能會使用武力來達到目的，因此如果遇到反抗，應避免抵抗。犯罪率通常在聖誕節前的節日期間上升。姆巴巴內和曼齊尼的市中心地區在天黑後尤其危險，但在其他路燈稀少或沒有路燈的地區，夜間犯罪也有發生。避免在全國任何地方夜間獨自行走，尤其是在光線不足的地方。包括武裝攻擊在內的暴力犯罪可能發生在城市和農村地區。全國各地的警力資源有限，這影響了他們有效應對事件的能力。有組織的犯罪網絡在史瓦濟蘭境內活動，從事販毒、武裝搶劫、入室竊盜和車輛走私等活動。這些團夥與鄰國的犯罪組織有聯繫，並掌握著槍枝。雖然綁架事件並不常見，但人們擔心可能存在涉及綁架的區域性有組織網絡。詐騙手法仍然存在，因此請核實找零，提前談好價格，切勿預付服務費用。人口販運影響弱勢群體，包括女孩、孤兒和外國兒童，他們被剝削從事性工作、家事服務和農業勞動。該國也是莫三比克和南非之間人口販運受害者的中轉站。

極端暴力

史瓦濟蘭有組織的犯罪暴力，但謀殺率仍低於其他非洲國家。犯罪網絡從事暴力犯罪，包括武裝搶劫、入室盜竊和販毒，並與鄰國的組織有聯繫。這些犯罪集團擁有槍枝和龐大的非法貨物運輸網。儘管過去十年槍支總數有所減少，但無證槍支擁有率仍然很高，這反映在武裝搶劫案的升級上。監獄和青少年康復中心都有幫派活動記錄。家庭暴力普遍存在，是一個嚴重的問題。 2023年，《史瓦濟蘭觀察報》報道，當年有147起謀殺案和133起自殺案與家庭暴力有直接關係。一項政府調查發現，超過8%的13至24歲女性和女孩報告曾在一生中遭受性暴力。儘管法律規定強姦罪最高可判處30年監禁，但基於性別的暴力仍然是一個嚴重問題。 2021年民主抗議期間的政治暴力和安全部隊行動造成重大傷亡。史瓦濟蘭人權與公共行政委員會證實，暴動期間有46人死亡，245人受槍傷，但實際數字可能更高。安全部隊對抗議者和未參與抗議的公眾（包括婦女和兒童）濫用致命武力。安全部隊中仍存在有罪不罰的現象，警方暴力行為從未展開調查。 2023年1月，人權律師兼活動家圖拉尼·馬塞科（Thulani Maseko）在家中被槍殺，就在幾小時前，國王警告僱傭兵將對付那些呼籲民主改革的人。兇手至今仍未被抓獲。

政治動盪

2021 年開始，史瓦濟蘭經歷了大規模的民主抗議和民間騷亂，低強度的騷亂持續到 2023 年夏季。到 2024 年初，儘管政府支持率很低，但騷亂基本上平息。該國自 1986 年以來一直是國王姆斯瓦蒂三世統治下的君主專制國家，自 1973 年以來禁止任何政黨。 2021 年 6 月，由於政府禁止遞交請願書，和平抗議升級為暴力和搶劫。安全部隊以強力鎮壓回擊，使用催淚瓦斯、橡皮子彈、實彈和無差別射擊，造成數十人死傷。政府實施了持續數週的網路關閉和社群媒體封鎖。政府實施了宵禁，並部署軍隊保護基礎設施和執行法規。由於政治或經濟問題，示威和抗議活動繼續不時發生，尤其是在姆巴巴納和曼齊尼。安全部隊對這些事件進行嚴密監管，有時甚至使用武力。即使是和平示威也可能在毫無預警的情況下演變成暴力事件。自由之家將史瓦濟蘭評為不自由的國家，得分為17分（滿分100分），政治自由度為1分（滿分40分），公民自由度為16分（滿分60分）。史瓦濟蘭的人權狀況惡化，公民空間、司法獨立和法治仍受到威脅。民主活動人士、記者和反對派人士面臨逮捕、騷擾、威脅和恐嚇。 2024年7月，兩名前議員因參與和支持民主抗議活動分別被判處25年和18年監禁。反對派團體聲稱對警察、獄警和一名傳統領導人被殺事件負責，並威脅對任何代表政府作證的人使用暴力。史瓦濟蘭的政治環境特徵是侵犯人權的行為不受懲罰、缺乏司法獨立、集會和結社自由受到限制以及對不同意見的持續打壓。

應避免的區域

姆巴巴內和曼齊尼的市中心在天黑後尤其危險，應避免夜間出遊。聖誕節前的節日期間，犯罪活動會增加。大多數城際交通都會經過曼齊尼公車站，但對遊客來說並不安全。擁擠的城區無論白天或夜晚都充滿風險。犯罪在全國各地的城鄉地區都很常見。由於光線不足、地處偏遠以及警力不足，農村地區有額外的安全隱患。在南非和莫三比克進出史瓦濟蘭的主要道路上曾發生武裝劫車事件，因此建議避免在天黑後過境。城鎮邊緣的搶劫和竊盜案件發生率較高。應避免前往發生示威和抗議活動的地區，因為即使是和平的集會也可能在毫無預警的情況下演變成暴力事件。姆巴巴內和曼齊尼是最有可能發生進一步示威活動的地區。應避免夜間前往姆巴巴內的加冕公園等特定地點，並且僅限在白天兩人以上的團體前往。全國各地照明不足的地區犯罪和人身安全風險較高。夜間鄉村道路上，廢棄的未點燈拖車、燈光昏暗的重型車輛、牲畜以及有限的能見度都構成危險。