Afghanistan
關於Afghanistan
| 貨幣 | Afghani (AFN) |
| 語言 | Dari (Afghan Persian); Pashto |
| 資本金 | Kabul |
The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is in southern Asia, east of Iran and north and west of Pakistan. The country lies at the crossroads of Central Asia, along the ancient “Silk Route.” Afghanistan’s government is an Islamic presidential republic with a president as chief of state and head of government. The population of about 31 million people represents more than 50 ethnic groups, with over 30 languages spoken.
Afghanistan has been ravaged by war and instability since before Alexander the Great. During the 1800s, the British invaded Afghanistan and installed governments that continually failed. From 1933 to 1973, the country enjoyed a period of stability during the reign of King Zahir Shah. This king was overthrown by his brother-in-law who in turn, was ousted by the communist party. Subsequently, a series of assassinations, a coup, and a counter-coup prompted the Soviet Union to send troops to support the communist government and help stabilize the country. However, a long and devastating war ensued, followed by civil wars, and the US-led military action to remove the Taliban for sheltering Osama Bin Laden.
Although Afghanistan gained its first democratically elected president in 2004 and has made some progress toward a stable central government, the country faces daunting challenges in restoring security and stability. The years of conflict have taken a huge toll on the economy and society. Although Afghanistan is very rich in natural resources, it remains one of the poorest nations in the world and is still recovering from years of conflict.
Afghanistan的建議疫苗接種
對於大多數旅行者
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
乙肝疫苗
There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
脊髓灰質炎疫苗
Travellers who intend to visit Afghanistan for 4 weeks or more may be required to show proof of polio vaccination given 4 weeks to 12 months before departure from Afghanistan. Failure to produce this documentation may result in vaccination at the point of departure. Childhood vaccinations, including polio, should be up-to-date prior to travel.
對於一些旅行者
霍亂疫苗
The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends the cholera vaccine for travellers who are 18-64 years of age and who plan to travel to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that most travellers do not travel to areas of active cholera transmission, and that safe food and water practices can prevent many cholera infections.
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
黃熱病疫苗
Vaccination against yellow fever is not recommended. This country requires all persons to have proof of the yellow fever vaccination if arriving from a country where yellow fever occurs.
傷寒疫苗
There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.
Afghanistan的推薦藥物
對於一些旅行者
抗瘧藥
Recommended anti-malaria medications include atovaquone-proguanil, mefloquine or doxycycline. Resistance to chloroquine has been reported.Recommended anti-malaria medications include atovaquone-proguanil, mefloquine or doxycycline. Resistance to chloroquine has been reported.
Afghanistan要注意的疾病
對於大多數旅行者
Dengue Fever
Outbreaks of dengue fever may occur.
Hepatitis B
There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Afghanistan.
Hepatitis A
There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Afghanistan through contaminated food or water.
Cholera
Cholera outbreaks occur in Afghanistan. The risk to travellers is low unless living or working in poor sanitary conditions, drinking untreated water or eating poorly cooked or raw seafood in this country.
對於一些旅行者
Rabies
Rabies occurs in Afghanistan. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals and should be vaccinated. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis occurs in Afghanistan. Travellers to Afghanistan are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.
Yellow Fever
There is no risk for yellow fever in this country. This country requires all persons to have proof of the yellow fever vaccination if arriving from a country where yellow fever occurs.
Malaria
There is a risk of malaria in areas of Afghanistan below 2,000 meters between May and November. During the rest of the year, there is a low risk. There is low to no risk of malaria in areas above 2,000 meters.
Polio
Travellers who intend to visit Afghanistan for 4 weeks or more may be required to show proof of polio vaccination given 4 weeks to 12 months before departure from Afghanistan. Failure to produce this documentation may result in vaccination at the point of departure. Childhood vaccinations, including polio, should be up-to-date prior to travel.
Typhoid Fever
Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Afghanistan, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.
Afghanistan中的安全性
人身安全
阿富汗對遊客而言安全風險極大。多個恐怖組織在該國各地活動，包括ISIS-K和其他武裝組織的殘餘勢力。綁架和劫持人質仍然是嚴重的威脅。外國人，包括遊客和援助人員，是特別針對的目標。 2024年5月，三名西班牙遊客在巴米揚省的導覽中被殺害。塔利班對外國活動實施嚴格管控，並對其活動持懷疑態度。您將面臨被任意拘留或不明原因錯誤逮捕的風險。由於大多數大使館在2021年暫停運營，領事援助受到嚴重限製或無法獲得。拘留時間可能很長，拘留期間獲得醫療服務的機會極少甚至無法獲得。前政府僱員或被視為批評者的人還面臨額外的風險，包括法外拘留、酷刑和強迫失蹤。所有省份的安全局勢依然動盪，沒有一個地方可以被視為安全的地方。與巴基斯坦的跨境緊張局勢已導致邊境省份發生軍事打擊和平民傷亡。
極端暴力
恐怖攻擊頻繁，遍及阿富汗各地，包括喀布爾和其他主要城市。 ISIS-K 攻擊平民、塔利班官員，並針對少數族裔和宗教群體，尤其是哈札拉什葉派社區。 2023 年，阿富汗的恐怖攻擊次數與前幾年相比有所減少，但針對清真寺、學校、公共交通和公眾集會的攻擊仍然時有發生。 ISIS-K 聲稱對多起攻擊事件負責，包括政府大樓附近和宗教場所的爆炸事件。攻擊手段包括車載簡易爆炸裝置、自殺式炸彈攻擊和武裝攻擊。儘管塔利班做出保證，蓋達組織仍在阿富汗境內存在。塔利班本身也記錄了對前政府官員和安全人員進行法外處決、任意逮捕和酷刑的案件。公開鞭刑和體罰事件時有發生。巴基斯坦邊境地區發生跨國暴力事件，包括巴基斯坦軍事空襲和塔利班軍事回擊，造成平民傷亡。
政治動盪
塔利班於2021年8月接管阿富汗後，控制了阿富汗。目前尚無任何國家正式承認塔利班政府。塔利班對被視為異議的示威活動或活動的容忍度極低。所有政治活動都被禁止，大多數反對派領袖已逃離。塔利班嚴格執行伊斯蘭教法，執法力度因省份而異。塔利班領導層內部在婦女權利、教育以及與鄰國關係等政策上存在分歧。由於跨境武裝活動和難民問題，塔利班與巴基斯坦之間的緊張局勢升級。塔利班與伊朗的關係因水權和難民驅逐問題而起伏不定。俄羅斯已提升與塔利班的外交關係，包括軍事合作協議。該國面臨嚴峻的經濟挑戰，制裁和凍結央行資產限制了發展。塔利班拒絕履行國際義務，特別是在婦女權利方面的義務，導致其無法獲得正式承認，並限制了國際社會的參與。
應避免的區域
阿富汗沒有一個地方是安全的。首都喀布爾受到塔利班的關注，安全事件時有發生。坎大哈、赫拉特、賈拉拉巴德、昆都士和加茲尼等主要城市都面臨塔利班控制和武裝分子攻擊的安全威脅。喀布爾、坎大哈和霍斯特已被確定為針對 LGBTQ 人士的暴力事件熱點。由於跨境緊張局勢，尤其是與巴基斯坦的緊張局勢，邊境地區尤其危險。帕克蒂卡、霍斯特、楠格哈爾和庫納爾等省份遭受了巴基斯坦的空襲和軍事行動。靠近伊朗邊境的赫拉特至伊斯蘭堡高速公路走廊被認為極易發生交通事故。農村地區也面臨未爆彈、地雷和基礎設施不足等額外風險。宗教少數群體聚居區，尤其是哈扎拉什葉派聚居區（如喀布爾的 Dasht-e Barchi），面臨更高的針對性攻擊風險。阿富汗位於活躍地震帶，各省份都遭受致命的地震、洪水和山崩。 2024年，34個省份中有33個省份遭受了某種形式的自然災害。
