Myanmar (Burma)

Myanmar (Burma)的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

乙肝疫苗

該國家存在感染乙型肝炎的巨大風險，因此，建議進行疫苗接種。

甲型肝炎疫苗

該國家存在接觸甲型肝炎的巨大風險，因此，建議進行疫苗接種。

對於一些旅行者

霍亂疫苗

英國NaTHNaC向那些活動或病史使他們處於高風險，前往霍亂傳播活躍地區的旅行者推薦口服霍亂疫苗。這些風險因素包括：援助人員；那些在霍亂疫情爆發地區喝水和醫療服務有限的人；對其進行疫苗接種可能被認為可能有益的旅行者，例如慢性病。 美國疾病預防控制中心向年齡在18-64歲且計劃前往霍亂傳播活躍地區的旅行者推薦霍亂疫苗。疾病預防控制中心指出，大多數旅行者不會前往霍亂傳播活躍地區，安全的飲食和飲水習慣可以預防許多霍亂感染。

狂犬病疫苗

建議參加可能與狂犬病的狗，蝙蝠和其他哺乳動物直接接觸的戶外活動的旅行者（例如，露營者，遠足者，冒險旅行者和洞穴探險者）接種狂犬病疫苗。那些有職業風險的人（例如獸醫，野生動植物專業人士，研究人員）以及長期旅行者和外派人員面臨的風險更高，應接種疫苗。

黃熱病疫苗

不建議在該國家接種黃熱病疫苗。但是，該國家/地區要求從有黃熱病傳播危險的國家/地區來的1歲及以上的旅客以及經過有黃熱病傳播危險的國家/地區的機場中轉超過12小時的旅行者，需要黃熱病疫苗接種證書。緬甸國民和居民在離開有黃熱病傳播危險的區域時，必須持有疫苗接種證明。

傷寒疫苗

在該國，由於食用不安全的食物和水，有遭受傷寒的危險。由於在這個國家內暴露於不安全來源的情況有所不同，因此通常建議接種傷寒疫苗，尤其是在訪問可能污染食品和水源的較小城市或農村地區時。

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

One dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) is recommended to infants 6 to 11 months prior to international travel.

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

A BCG vaccine is recommended for all unvaccinated adults and children under 16 years of age, staying in the country for more than 3 months. A tuberculin skin test is required prior to administering vaccination for all children from 6 years of age.

日本腦炎疫苗

推薦使用這種疫苗，因為日本腦炎在該國終年發生，季節性高峰從5月到10月。

Myanmar (Burma)的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

建議在Bago，Kachin，Kayah，Kayn，Shan和Tanintharyi等省使用Atovaquone-proguanil或強力黴素，因為在某些省份已報告對甲氟喹有抗藥性。對於所有其他區域，建議使用甲氟喹，阿托伐醌-異丙胍或強力黴素。存在對氯喹和甲氟喹的抗瘧藥耐藥性。在與泰國接壤的該國東南部，對青蒿素的耐藥性正在出現。

Myanmar (Burma)要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis B

這個國家存在接觸乙型肝炎的巨大風險。

Cholera

霍亂發生在這個國家。

Hepatitis A

這個國家存在染上甲型肝炎的巨大風險。

Dengue Fever

登革熱在這個國家發生。

Chikungunya Fever

該國發生基孔肯雅熱。

對於一些旅行者

Scrub Typhus

This disease generally occurs year-round in Myanmar.

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in the country.

Measles

There is a risk of exposure to measles in the country.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring hantavirus in Myanmar through contaminated food or by coming into contact with someone infected with the virus

Schistosomiasis

這種疾病的零星病例發生在這個國家。

Zika Fever

寨卡病毒可能是緬甸（緬甸）的地方病。前往緬甸（緬甸）的旅行者的風險未知。

Malaria

瘧疾全年海拔不到1000米（少於3,281英尺）。包括曼德勒和仰光（仰光）在內的城市和市區都沒有瘧疾。中部平原普遍沒有瘧疾。

Typhoid Fever

在該國存在傷寒的風險，尤其是與朋友或親戚在一起或訪問較小的城市，鄉村或農村地區時，傷寒可能會因受污染的食物或水而引起。

Tuberculosis

結核病發生在這個國家。如果去探望患病的朋友或家人，在醫療保健領域工作或與普通人群密切接觸，前往該國的旅行者就有患肺結核的危險。

Yellow Fever

在這個國家沒有黃熱病傳播的風險。但是，這個國家/地區要求從有黃熱病傳播危險的國家/地區來的1歲及以上的旅行者以及通過有黃熱病傳播危險的國家/地區的機場中轉超過12小時的旅行者，需要黃熱病疫苗接種證書。 緬甸國民和居民在離開有黃熱病傳播危險的區域時，必須持有疫苗接種證明。

Rabies

狂犬病發生在這個國家。參與戶外活動的旅行者（例如露營者，遠足者，冒險旅行者和洞穴探險者）可能與狂犬病的狗，蝙蝠和其他哺乳動物直接接觸。那些有職業風險的人（例如獸醫，野生動植物專業人士，研究人員）以及長期旅行者和外派人員面臨的風險更高。

Japanese encephalitis

在農村地區，最常見的是5月至10月之間接觸日本腦炎的風險。 Shan邦爆發了疫情。

Myanmar (Burma)中的安全性

人身安全

Crime rate has increased since the February 2021 coup d’état. Petty theft, mugging, and burglary do occur in Myanmar. There have been some reports of violent crime toward foreigners. Always be alert and aware of your surroundings. Ensure that your personal belongings, passports and other travel documents are secure at all times

Have two photocopies of valuable papers, such as passport, tickets, etc., and keep one copy in a separate location. You could be required to show a passport and visa to authorities when travelling by air or rail and staying at hotels.

Avoid carrying excessive cash. Avoid showing signs of wealth to minimize the risk of becoming a target for theft.

Get permission from the Myanmar tourist authorities before travelling outside Rangoon, as there are officially-designated tourist areas. Travel is strictly controlled in this country.

Transportation can be dangerous in Myanmar due to aggressive driving, badly maintained roads, lack of street lighting, and people and animals on the roads. Avoid travelling by road at night. It is illegal to drive in Myanmar without a valid Myanmar driver’s license. Air, rail, and public transportation often do not meet international safety standards and can be dangerous. Fatal accidents have occurred.

For sports and adventure activities, ensure you have proper safety equipment. The safety standards in this country may not meet expected standards.

Only use taxis with red license plates, as these are registered taxis.

Penalties for drug-related crimes are severe and include the death penalty.

It is against the law to photograph military installations or military personnel.

Never touch or pat a child on the head. This is considered offensive.

Medications sold in Myanmar may be counterfeit. Ensure you have adequate supplies of your prescription medications or other medical supplies you may need. Keep your prescriptions and medicines in the original containers or packaging.

極端暴力

Since the military takeover, the incidence of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and attacks has increased, resulting in a highly volatile environment where violence occurs across the entire country. Civil unrest and acts of politically motivated violence may occur anywhere and at any time, particularly leading up to and during days or events of national significance. Such attacks usually occur in major cities such as Yangon, Mandalay, and Nay Pyi Taw, targeting public venues frequented by foreigners. Other regions include parts of Chin, Kachin, Kayin, Rakhine, and Shan states, as well as the Sagaing and Magway regions. There is also a high risk of clashes between armed groups and the military in major urban centres.

政治動盪

There is the potential for political violence. As the political scenario in Myanmar is unstable and unpredictable, there is a higher likelihood of opposition attacks and an increased presence of security forces. Some areas in Myanmar are under a state of martial law; others may have curfews or’stay at home’ orders. In the case of Yangon (and a few other townships), there is a curfew from midnight until 4 a.m. Demonstrations take place regularly across the country, particularly in Yangon and Mandalay. Security forces have been using excessive and lethal force against protesters in several locations, which has resulted in many casualties. National dates of significance may see rallies and silent strikes, and there’s a higher likelihood of opposition attacks.

應避免的區域

Travellers are advised to avoid unnecessary travel to the border areas with China, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, and Laos due to armed conflict, banditry, and areas with landmines. Due to ongoing violence and volatile situation, many casualties along with disruptions in road and rail travel have been reported in parts of Chin (Paletwa Township), Kachin, Rakhine, and northern Shan States.