Ethiopia

Ethiopia的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

脊髓灰質炎疫苗

Travellers who intend to visit this country for 4 weeks or more are recommended to take a polio vaccination at least 4 weeks to 12 months prior to arrival in the country. Unvaccinated travellers may have to take the vaccine upon arrival at the entry ports. Childhood vaccinations, including polio, should be up-to-date prior to travel.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

腦膜炎疫苗

Because this country is located in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt, vaccination against meningitis is recommended if travelling during the dry season (December to June).

黃熱病疫苗

A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers over 9 months of age arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited more than 12 hours through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission. The yellow fever vaccination is recommended for all travellers aged 9 months or over, except for travellers whose itineraries are limited to the Afar and Somali provinces.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends the cholera vaccine for travellers who are 18-64 years of age and who plan to travel to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that most travellers do not travel to areas of active cholera transmission, and that safe food and water practices can prevent many cholera infections.

Ethiopia的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Anti-malarial medication is recommended for all travellers going to any area of Ethiopia, except for the city of Addis Ababa. Recommended medication includes atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, or mefloquine. Anti-malaria drug resistance for chloroquine is present.

Ethiopia要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Ethiopia through contaminated food or water.

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Ethiopia.

Dengue Fever

Outbreaks of dengue fever may occur.

Cholera

Cholera outbreaks may occur in Ethiopia. The risk to travellers is low unless living or working in poor sanitary conditions, drinking untreated water or eating poorly cooked or raw seafood in this country.

Chikungunya Fever

Outbreaks of chikungunya fever may occur.

對於一些旅行者

West Nile Fever

The virus is transmitted to animals, birds and humans by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, and skin rash.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Sporadic outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) may occur in this country. Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in this country through sand fly bites, particularly between dusk to dawn. Adventure tourists, outdoor athletes, or humanitarian aid workers are at a higher risk.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of acquiring Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in this country through specific insect, bug or tick bites or by coming in close contact with a person or animal infected with this disease. Travellers involved in activities like hiking, camping, working with animals, and visiting farms and forested areas are at a higher risk. There are no vaccinations (or medications) to prevent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

Polio

Vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1, type 2 and wild poliovirus type 1 were detected in this country, with the potential risk of global circulation. Unvaccinated or under-vaccinated travellers are at a higher risk if they come in direct contact with an infected person or through contaminated food and water, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas with poor hygiene standards.

Measles

There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.

Zika Fever

There is a risk of Zika virus in Ethiopia. The mosquitoes that transmit the Zika virus are unlikely to be found above 2,000 meters altitude.

Malaria

All areas of Ethiopia below 2,000 metres are at moderate risk for malaria, except Addis Ababa where there is no risk.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in Ethiopia. Travellers to Ethiopia are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Schistosomiasis

This disease is present in this country and is acquired through contact with fresh water, such as swimming, bathing, or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

Meningitis

Meningitis outbreaks may occur in Ethiopia. Travellers who visit during the dry season (December to June) or expect to have prolonged contact with the local population are especially at risk.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Ethiopia, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Sleeping Sickness (Type 2)

African Trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness") may occur in Ethiopia. Recently, the absence of any reports of this disease suggest that the risk to travellers is very low. Urban areas are not at risk.

African Tick Bite Fever

This disease may occur in the country.

Yellow Fever

There is a low risk of yellow fever transmission in some areas of the country. A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers over 9 months of age arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited more than 12 hours through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission. The yellow fever vaccination is recommended for all travellers aged 9 months or over, except for travellers whose itineraries are limited to the Afar and Somali provinces.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Ethiopia中的安全性

人身安全

The crime level is moderate overall, although violent attacks against foreigners have been reported, including areas near hotels and Bole Road. Petty crime is common in crowded areas, particularly by groups of children. Displaying expensive jewelry, clothing, etc., will make you a target for theft.

Pay careful attention to personal security on days leading up to special events, special national or religious days, or international meetings.

If driving, keep doors locked and windows up, and keep valuables out of sight as there have been reports of carjacking and banditry on roads and highways. Traffic can be unpredictable and drivers often do not follow the rules of the road. Traffic accidents are frequent. It is not advisable to travel to Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan over land due to landmines and the risk of armed robbery and carjacking. Avoid taking public transportation as it is often overcrowded and unsafe.

Possession of illicit drugs is illegal, except for khat. It is also illegal to own ivory (including ivory jewelry).

Same-sex sexual activity or relationships are illegal in Ethiopia.

Travellers should take note of whether they will be travelling during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan. During this time, respect the religious practices of the country and avoid eating, drinking, and smoking in public between sunrise and sunset. Always dress conservatively to respect local customs.

It is illegal to photograph government buildings, military or police installations, or any industrial area or infrastructure, such as roads or bridges, etc.

Frequent power outages, fuel shortages, and poor cellular coverage may present risks to the traveller.

Time conventions in Ethiopia differ from most countries in the world. The start of the day is at dawn, not midnight.

Like many regions in Eastern Africa, Ethiopia faces severe drought which may impact local food and water supplies. The rainy season (June-September) may cause severe flooding and may make land travel impossible. Ethiopia is in an active seismic zone.

極端暴力

In the past, the government of Ethiopia has had evidence that extremist groups plan attacks or kidnappings in Ethiopia, including in Addis Ababa.

There continue to be reports of threats against public places where people may gather, tourist areas, shopping areas, transportation, markets, or government buildings or embassies.

Exercise extreme caution in the Somali, Afar, Gambela People’s, and Oromo regions.

政治動盪

Avoid all public gatherings and demonstrations as they can quickly turn violent.

應避免的區域

Avoid travel to the following regions due to sporadic violent conflict, civil unrest, crime, communications disruptions, terrorism and kidnapping in border areas:

1. Tigray Region and border with Eritrea

2. Afar-Tigray border areas

3. Amhara Region

4. Gambella and Benishangul Gumuz Regions

5. The Oromia Region including the entire Horro-Guduru Wollega, East and West Wollega, Kelem Wollega, Illubabor, and Bale; North, West, and Southwest Shewa; North and West of Addis Ababa;

6. Boset and Fentale woredas of East Shewa zone between Welenchiti and Awash; portions of the Royal zone surrounding Bule Hora; and portions of the Guji zone to the east of Bule Hora.

7. Southern Nations and National Peoples (SNNP) Region

8. Border area with Somalia

9. Border areas with Sudan, and South Sudan and

10. Border areas with Kenya