关于黄热病疫苗
Yellow fever vaccine consists of a live, but altered, strain of the yellow fever virus called 17D. The 17D vaccine has been used commercially since the 1950s. It is highly effective with over 90 percent of persons vaccinated developing a measurable immune response after the first dose.
The 17D vaccine should not be given to infants, pregnant women, and anyone with a diminished immune capacity, including persons taking immune-suppressing drugs.
Many countries require any traveller arriving from a country where yellow fever is present to have an up-to-date yellow fever vaccination. If a traveller is arriving from a country where yellow fever is present, the government may require the traveller to present proof of yellow fever vaccination.
Vaccination is generally recommended for travellers older than 9 months of age who plan on visiting high-risk areas.
时间表
Vaccination should be received 10 days prior to travelling to a high-risk area. The World Health Organization’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunisation (SAGE) has reviewed the latest evidence and recommended that a single dose of vaccination is sufficient to confer life-long immunity against yellow fever. There is no need for booster vaccination.
副作用
该疫苗是非常安全的，几乎没有不良反应的报道，并且已接种了数百万剂。尽管疫苗被认为是安全的，但仍存在风险。大多数不良反应是由对疫苗生长的卵的过敏反应引起的。此外，神经系统疾病和脑炎（大脑发炎）的风险很小。年龄超过60岁或胸腺摘除或患有胸腺疾病（例如重症肌无力，DiGeorge综合征或胸腺瘤）的人应与医生讨论疫苗接种问题。可能建议56至76岁之间没有自身免疫性疾病或胸腺瘤的妇女进行疫苗接种。此年龄段的男性患病风险增加，难以量化。应推迟到病毒传播地区旅行，直到减少黄热病的风险。应警告77岁或以上的人们，其危险性增加，应避免前往病毒活跃的地区。在确定患者是否应接种黄热病疫苗时，患者和临床医生应根据季节，旅行目的地和时间，旅行时接触蚊子的可能性以及疫苗接种状况，讨论旅行相关的黄热病的风险，并权衡它们与疫苗接种相关的风险。
