Hanta Virus (Hantaviral Diseases)
什么是Hanta Virus (Hantaviral Diseases)？
Hantaviral diseases are caused by a group of viruses called Hanta viruses. These viruses infect rodents all over the world and can be transmitted to humans. The infections vary in severity from relatively mild to severe illness. These viruses may cause severe respiratory failure or attack the lining of the blood vessels, causing hypotensive shock (low blood pressure) and haemorrhaging. Hantaviral diseases include Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS).
For HFRS, the incubation period is generally 2 to 4 weeks with a range of a few days to 2 months. For HPS, the incubation period is approximately 2 weeks, with a range of a few days to 6 weeks.
如何获得Hanta Virus (Hantaviral Diseases)？
The viruses are transmitted to people by breathing air or dust contaminated with the urine, droppings, and saliva of infected rodents (different kinds of mice). It may also be possible to acquire the virus if someone touches something that has been contaminated with rodent urine, droppings, or saliva, and then touches their nose or mouth. Indoor exposures to rodent urine, droppings, or saliva in closed and poorly ventilated areas (e.g., cleaning garages, barns or rural cottages) is a common mode of transmission.
易感性和抗性
Persons who have never been infected appear to be uniformly susceptible. Second attacks of Hantaviral diseases have not been documented.
症状是什么？
For HFRS, symptoms include sudden onset of fever, lower back pain, kidney failure and bleeding. There are five stages of the disease: fever (fever), hypotensive (low blood pressure), oliguric (decreased or absent urine production), diuretic (increased urination) and convalescence (gradual recovery). The phase of fever lasts 3-7 days, accompanied by headache, malaise, and anorexia followed by severe abdominal and lower back pain, nausea and vomiting, facial redness and conjunctivitis pain. The hypotensive (low blood pressure) phase lasts from several hours to three days and involves sudden hypotension that can lead to hypotonic shock. The oliguric phase lasts 3 to 7 days with persistent nausea and vomiting. Severe bleeding can occur but the blood pressure returns to normal. Usually 5 to 15 percent of cases results in death, usually during the hypotensive and oliguric stage.
In HPS, symptoms include fever, muscle and gastrointestinal pains, followed by severe breathing problems and shock (loss of blood pressure). If left untreated, death occurs in 40 to 50 percent of cases.
HFRS infections may occur without developing symptoms. On the other hand, there have been no reports of HPS infection without symptoms, but the infection may be mild HPS.
预防措施
啮齿动物控制是预防汉坦病毒感染的主要策略（包括防止啮齿动物进入房屋，设置陷阱，妥善存放食物，对啮齿动物污染的区域进行消毒等）。应尽可能避免啮齿类动物出没地区，以防止感染汉坦病毒。
处理
There is no specific cure or treatment for HPS, other than intensive therapeutic care and treatment of the severe symptoms. Patients experiencing Hantaviral disease symptoms who may have come into contact with contaminated rodent saliva, droppings, or urine should seek medical care. Bed rest and early hospitalisation are crucial in both types of Hantaviral diseases.
它常见于哪里？
取决于特定类型和啮齿动物宿主，世界上不同地区分布着不同类型的汉坦病毒。在中国，朝鲜半岛，俄罗斯，北欧和西欧，阿根廷，智利，巴西，美国，加拿大和巴拿马发现了不同类型的这些病毒。
