German Measles (Rubella)

如何获得German Measles (Rubella)？

Rubella can be transmitted from person to person through direct contact with an infected person’s nose and throat secretions or by breathing in airborne respiratory droplets created by infected persons when they cough or sneeze. When a pregnant woman becomes infected with rubella, the virus can also cross the placenta and infect the unborn child. 

易感性和抗性

Anyone who has not had a vaccination for rubella or has not had rubella in the past is susceptible. People who have had rubella in the past usually become permanently immune. Infants born to immune mothers are ordinarily protected from the virus for 6 to 9 months after birth, depending on the amount of antibodies the baby has acquired from the mother.

症状是什么？

Children usually show few or no symptoms. Adults may experience a rash lasting up to 3 days. Up the half the infected people have no rash at all. Other symptoms can include fever, headache, conjunctivitis (inflammation of the membranes of the eye), mild cold-like symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia (lowered  white blood cell and platelet count, respectively), joint pain, and in rare cases, encephalitis (brain inflammation).

The most serious complications of rubella are caused by infection of the unborn child during early pregnancy (Congenital Rubella Syndrome). Infection by the virus causes miscarriages, fetal deaths/stillbirths, and severe birth defects, the most common of which are cataracts, heart defects, malformations of major organ systems and hearing impairment.

预防措施

预防风疹病毒的最佳预防措施是接种疫苗。旅客应确保在国际旅行之前已经接种疫苗或对风疹免疫。世界卫生组织（世卫组织）建议在将先天性风疹综合症视为公共卫生优先事项的所有国家使用风疹疫苗。

处理

There is no specific antiviral treatment for rubella except to treat symptoms.

疫苗接种

• 麻疹，腮腺炎，风疹（MMR）疫苗

它常见于哪里？

风疹是世界范围内发生的疾病。在引入抗风疹疫苗之前，美国每6至9年发生一次广泛的流行病，欧洲每3至5年发生一次流行病。疫苗接种计划已经停止了西半球的所有传播。暴发仍在发生，通常发生在没有疫苗的发展中国家。