Hepatitis B

如何获得Hepatitis B？

Hepatitis B is transmitted by activities that involve contact with blood, blood products or other body fluids.  These activities include:  unprotected sexual contact, injection drug use with shared needles and other paraphernalia, transfusions with blood or blood products that have not been screened for the virus, work in health care fields where there is exposure to human blood, dental, medical or cosmetic procedures (tattooing, body piercings) with needles or other equipment that may be contaminated with blood, exposure to potentially contaminated blood through abrasions or wounds on the skin, or mucous membranes (eye, nose, mouth) that come into contact with contaminated blood.

易感性和抗性

Humans are generally susceptible to hepatitis B virus infection.  Prolonged immunity follows infection with hepatitis B, provided the disease does not progress to the chronic phase.  

症状是什么？

Hepatitis B illness usually has a slow beginning with loss of appetite, some abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting.  The disease may be mild and unapparent in young children and even 30-50 percent of adults.  Jaundice may or may not be present.  However, some patients may progress rapidly to a severe form with major damage to the liver and resulting death.  Other patients may progress to a chronic long-lasting infection with gradual loss of liver function (cirrhosis of the liver) that may lead to liver failure.

预防措施

有一种有效的乙型肝炎疫苗。如果可能，除非筛查了血液，否则旅行者应避免输血。旅客应避免使用注射毒品，无保护的性活动以及使用未经消毒的设备刺纹身或刺穿。

处理

There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B other than supportive measures.

药物

• 抗病毒药物

疫苗接种

• 乙肝疫苗

它常见于哪里？

即使这种病毒在世界范围内发生，对国际旅行者来说，乙型肝炎的风险也很低。在南美北部，撒哈拉以南非洲，中东部分地区，中国和东南亚，一些国家的乙型肝炎水平较高。