Typhoid Fever

如何获得Typhoid Fever？

The bacteria that cause typhoid fever are most often transmitted through consumption of water or food that has been contaminated by the feces of an acutely infected or convalescent person or a chronic, asymptomatic carrier of the germ. Humans are the only source of these bacteria.

易感性和抗性

Everyone can be susceptible to the infection. The risk is increased in people who have low levels of stomach acid or those who are HIV positive. Relative immunity follows recovery from typhoid fever, even when infection is unapparent. In endemic areas, typhoid fever is most common in preschool children and in young people 5 to 19 years of age.

症状是什么？

The main symptom of typhoid infection is a persistent, high fever as high as 103° to 104° F (39° to 40° C). Other common symptoms and signs include headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, enlargement of the spleen, a rash of flat, rose-colored spots, a non-productive cough in the early stages, and relatively slowed heart rate. Mild infection can occur, as well as infection without any symptoms at all. Approximately 10 to 20 percent of people with untreated infections may die, but prompt antibiotic treatment reduces the death rate to less than 1 percent.

预防措施

在暴露风险增加的情况下，有两种疫苗可以预防伤寒，但这些疫苗并非100％有效。由于疫苗缺乏全面的保护，旅客应避免食用不安全的食物和水，尤其是在无法保证食物和水安全的小村庄和农村地区。

处理

Antibiotics can shorten the course of typhoid fever and reduce the risk of death. Patients should be monitored to ensure that the high fever wanes within a few days of starting treatment. If the fever does not subside, different antibiotics should be considered.

药物

• 抗生素类

疫苗接种

• 伤寒疫苗

它常见于哪里？

引起伤寒的细菌在世界范围内广泛存在，特别是在东南亚，非洲，加勒比海以及中南美洲的发展中国家。有时它会发生在美国等发达国家。