Tick-Borne Encephalitis
什么是Tick-Borne Encephalitis？
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infectious disease of the brain caused by a group of related viruses that can be found in many parts of the world.
如何获得Tick-Borne Encephalitis？
Tick-borne encephalitis viruses are transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick that is found mostly in rural areas, meadows, scrub brush, and forests and mainly in the summer and fall seasons. It is usually acquired through outdoor activities, such as camping, hiking, fishing, bicycling in the woods, and collecting mushrooms, berries or flowers. It is occasionally acquired by consuming unpasturised milk or cheese obtained from infected goats, sheep or cows. It is usually not spread person to person.
易感性和抗性
All persons are susceptible. However, prior infection results in long lasting immunity to re-infection.
症状是什么？
About two-thirds of all infected people do not have symptoms. Eye redness may be the only outward sign of infection. However, when symptoms are present, they may vary depending on the type of virus. The disease often occurs in two phases. The first phase is marked by headache (sometimes severe), chills, fever, muscle aches and fatigue. The second phase is marked by nervous system involvement, i.e., brain inflammation, signs of meningitis, paralysis of the upper extremities and other neurological symptoms.
Most of these viruses cause mild symptoms lasting for about a week or less. Some of these viruses may cause a fever first and then be followed some days later by all the symptoms of brain inflammation (encephalitis).
预防措施
前往发生TBE的国家的旅行者应尽可能避开tick虫栖息地。每日检查虱子并及时清除所有附着的虱子将有助于降低感染的风险。用镊子尽可能紧贴皮肤并轻轻提起，即可去除。已经表明，如果在被咬后约36个小时内去除tick虫，则获得TBE的风险将降低到几乎为零。但是，the的尺寸很小，尤其是在若虫阶段，可能会使检测变得困难。驱虫和防护服（长袖衬衫，长裤和帽子）也有助于防止to虫叮咬。针对TBE的疫苗仅在欧洲使用，这些疫苗在欧洲和俄罗斯的部分地区已广泛用于居住在可能发生高暴露区域的人们。对于大多数旅行者来说，通常不需要接种疫苗，除非他们计划在发生TBE的森林地区露营，远足或在户外度过时间。
处理
There is no specific treatment for TBE viral infections other than treating the symptoms. Milder illnesses improve on their own through rest and symptomatic treatment (such as over-the-counter pain medication for muscle and joint aches). Severe TBE illnesses may require hospitalisation and supportive treatment such as intravenous fluids and nursing care.
疫苗接种
它常见于哪里？
导致这种感染的病毒种类包括在俄罗斯（包括西伯利亚）和欧洲其他国家（法国东部，捷克共和国，爱沙尼亚，德国，匈牙利，拉脱维亚，立陶宛，波兰，斯洛文尼亚，瑞典和瑞士）发现的三种类型）。在亚洲，在中国，日本，蒙古和韩国都可以找到它。在西半球找不到。
