Dengue Fever (Breakbone Fever)
什么是Dengue Fever (Breakbone Fever)？
Dengue fever (DF) is a mosquito-transmitted viral disease that is also known as “breakbone fever” because it causes severe joint and bone pain, among other symptoms. There are four types of dengue fever (dengue-1, -2, -3, -4), and the same viruses are responsible for dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) (see symptoms section). Dengue epidemics can be explosive and may affect a high percentage of the population, but fatalities in the absence of DHF are rare.
Between World War II and about 1970, severe dengue epidemics were recorded in only 9 tropical countries; now the disease occurs routinely in more than 100 countries. Dengue viruses cause more than 100 million infections per year around the world and result in more than 500,000 hospitalizations, most of them children. It causes fewer deaths—25,000 per year—than malaria, but its prolonged illness keeps people from work and affects both personal incomes and national economies.
如何获得Dengue Fever (Breakbone Fever)？
Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes that are infected with the virus. In particular, a day-biting species of mosquito is the most common transmitter. This mosquito has increased biting activity for 2 hours after sunrise and several hours before sunset. The species is found in both rural and urban settings.
易感性和抗性
Everyone can get dengue fever, but children usually have a milder disease than adults. Recovery from infection with one type of dengue provides lifelong immunity against that type but does not provide protection against other types. Immunity against one type may actually exacerbate subsequent infections, as well as increase the likelihood of getting DHF during subsequent infections.
症状是什么？
Dengue fever is characterized by the sudden onset of fever lasting 3 to 5 days (rarely more than 7), intense headache, muscle and joint pain, pain behind the eye, loss of appetite, gastro-intestinal disturbances, and small fine rash appearing around the time the fever subsides. Dark-skinned people usually have no visible rash. Minor bleeding, such as gum bleeding or nosebleeds, may occur at any time during the fever. Adults with underlying conditions may experience heavy bleeding, such as gastro-intestinal haemorrhage in peptic ulcer cases or excessive menstrual bleeding. Prolonged fatigue and depression are sometimes associated with recovery from dengue infections.
Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a serious and sometimes fatal complication of dengue infection. The patient’s condition may suddenly deteriorate due to the onset of increased vascular permeability (internal seepage of blood from the blood vessels into the tissues) with hypotension (loss of blood pressure) and shock. The patient may experience marked weakness, restlessness, facial pallor, severe abdominal pain, and cool extremities. The death rate can be as high as 40 to 50 percent in untreated cases; however, adequate treatment and fluid replacement can reduce the death rate to 1 to 2 percent.
预防措施
个人预防措施包括使用筛网和蚊帐，防护服和驱虫剂来防止蚊虫叮咬。如果可能，请呆在装有空调或遮蔽良好的房屋中，并避免在黎明，黄昏和蚊子经常咬人的傍晚在户外。
处理
There is no specific treatment for dengue fever. The only treatment available includes supportive measures to relieve symptoms, such as controlling the fever and adequate fluid intake.
它常见于哪里？
登革热病毒（DF）的全球分布密切跟踪传播该病的两种蚊子的分布情况。所有四种登革热病毒类型现在都在热带地区的大多数国家广泛传播。
在亚洲，登革热病毒在中国南部和海南、越南、老挝、柬埔寨（柬埔寨）、泰国、缅甸、印度、巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡、印度尼西亚、菲律宾、马来西亚和新加坡非常流行，在巴布亚纽发病率较低几内亚、印度、孟加拉国、尼泊尔、台湾和太平洋大部分地区。自1981年以来，一些登革热病毒类型在澳大利亚北部的昆士兰州传播。
登革热在非洲也很普遍。近年来，西非大部分地区、从莫桑比克到埃塞俄比亚的非洲东海岸以及塞舌尔和科摩罗等近海岛屿都爆发了疫情，登革热和类似登革热的登革热病例数量很少。来自沙特阿拉伯的报道。
在美洲，自1977年以来，加勒比和中美洲和南美洲连续出现和传播所有四种登革热病毒。最近，得克萨斯州、基韦斯特州和佛罗里达州南部发生了小规模疫情。自20世纪90年代末开始，墨西哥、整个加勒比以及中美洲和南美洲的登革热病毒定期出现。无论在城市或农村地区，只要有受感染的蚊子，都可能发生流行病。
