Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
什么是Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease？
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a common viral illness worldwide that usually affects infants and children younger than 5 years old. It is caused by a group of viruses that are called Enteroviruses. This group of viruses includes Coxsackievirus A16 (the most common cause), Coxsackievirus B and Enterovirus D-68 and 71 that is often the cause of outbreaks. Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) is an important cause of viral encephalitis (brain inflammation) in Southeast Asia over the past 15 years. There has been an increased number of epidemics due to HEV71 since 1997. Recently, infection with Human enterovirus D-68 (HEV D-68) has been associated with the development of paralysis in young children similar to polio.
HEV71 virus mostly affects children. However, this virus can cause more serious illness, such as meningitis (inflammation of the linings of the brain), poliomyelitis-like paralysis, and other severe disorders, including pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) and cardiorespiratory collapse.
Infected persons are most contagious during the first week of the illness. The viruses that cause hand, foot, and mouth disease can remain in the body for weeks after a person’s symptoms have disappeared, so that infected people can still pass the infection to others even though they may appear well.
如何获得Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease？
The infection is spread from person to person by direct contact with nose and throat secretions (such as saliva, sputum, or nasal mucous), fluid in blisters, and stool of infected persons.
易感性和抗性
Susceptibility is general.
症状是什么？
Symptoms include fever, poor appetite, feeling unwell, and sore throat. One or 2 days after fever starts, painful sores usually develop in the mouth, starting as small red spots that blister and that often become ulcers. A skin rash develops over 1 to 2 days. The rash has flat or raised red spots, sometimes with blisters. The rash is usually on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, but it may also appear on the knees, elbows, buttocks or genital area.
预防措施
患者和家人必须在两周内尽量减少与患者口腔和呼吸道分泌物的接触。至少要整整一个月练习个人卫生习惯。仔细洗手有助于最大程度地减少疾病的传播。
处理
There is no special treatment other than control of symptoms and maintaining hydration (good fluid intake).
它常见于哪里？
导致手足口病的细菌遍布世界各地。它们在夏季最活跃，而在温带气候下则最为活跃，但在热带地区全年都可能发生。
