Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
什么是Whooping Cough (Pertussis)？
Pertussis (also known as whooping cough) is a bacterial infection of the respiratory tract caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is commonly found in many countries and is common in children everywhere, regardless of ethnicity, climate, or geographic location. Pertussis is among the most lethal diseases of infants and young children in non-immunised populations.
Parapertussis is a similar but milder disease caused by Bordetella parapertussis.
Pertussis occurs worldwide. Outbreaks of pertussis occur every 3 or 4 years, primarily in the developing world where vaccination coverage is low. There has been a significant decline in incidence and mortality rates over the past 40 years, mainly in communities with active immunization programs and where good nutrition and medical care are available. In countries with high vaccination coverage, the incidence rate of pertussis in children under 15 is less than 1 per 100,000. The majority of deaths caused by pertussis occur in Africa, where vaccine coverage is lowest.
如何获得Whooping Cough (Pertussis)？
Pertussis is a contagious disease that is transmitted person to person by inhaling respiratory droplets in the air from coughing and sneezing and also through direct contact with the nose and throat secretions of an infected person.
Protection through vaccination against pertussis lasts between 5 to 10 years or less. Adults and adolescents who have not had booster doses to maintain their immunity may unknowingly become infected and spread the disease to children and infants.
易感性和抗性
Anyone who is not immunised for pertussis is susceptible. The highest number of cases of pertussis occur among children less than 5 years of age, except where infant vaccination programs have been implemented. In these areas, adolescent cases of pertussis are becoming increasingly more frequent in those who have not had booster immunizations.
Females are more likely to acquire infection and die from pertussis than males.
When a person has recovered from pertussis, they acquire prolonged immunity, but subsequent re-infections can occur.
症状是什么？
The first stage of pertussis usually lasts from one to two weeks and is called the catarrhal stage. Symptoms include runny nose, sneezing, and a mild cough that gradually becomes more severe.
The second stage usually lasts from one to six weeks but may persist for up to 10 weeks and is called the paroxysmal stage. Symptoms include bursts of violent, rapid coughing due to difficulty expelling thick mucus from the lungs. Coughing episodes occur more frequently at night, with an average of 15 to 24 attacks over 24 hours. Coughs are followed by a noisy, high-pitched, “whooping” indrawn breath. Vomiting and exhaustion typically follow coughing episodes.
During the third stage of pertussis, known as the convalescent stage, the patient gradually recovers. The cough becomes less severe and usually disappears over two to three weeks. Paroxysmal coughing can recur with subsequent respiratory infections for many months.
Complications of pertussis can include: pneumonia; atelectasis (partial or total collapse of a lung or segment of a lung); seizures; encephalopathy (disease, damage, or malfunction of the brain); weight loss; hernias; death.
预防措施
抗百日咳的疫苗是有效的，但是其保护作用随时间而下降，持续5至10年。只有通过加强疫苗剂量才能获得更长的保护期。敦促孕妇在妊娠的三个月进行疫苗接种，以便在出生后的头几个月将抗体转移到子宫内以保护婴儿。
处理
When given early in the course of the disease, antibiotics (erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin) decrease the duration of infectiousness and help prevent spread of pertussis. Antibiotics that are given later in the course of the illness will not alter the symptoms. Effective treatments of the cough associated with this illness have not yet been developed.
药物
疫苗接种
它常见于哪里？
百日咳发生在世界各地。百日咳暴发每3或4年发生一次，主要发生在疫苗接种率较低的发展中国家。在过去的40年中，百日咳引起的病例和死亡人数显着下降，主要发生在有积极的免疫计划且有良好营养和医疗服务的社区。
