Zika Fever
什么是Zika Fever?
Zika Fever is caused by a virus that is related to dengue, yellow fever, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses. The virus was first discovered in 1947 in a rhesus monkey in the Zika Forest of Uganda and was subsequently found to cause an illness when it was found for the first time in humans in 1968 in Nigeria.
如何获得Zika Fever?
Zika virus is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes, the same ones that transmit dengue fever and other mosquito borne viruses. In addition, the virus can be sexually transmitted from human to human.
易感性和抗性
There is no natural immunity to this virus. So, everyone is susceptible.
症状是什么?
Zika virus causes a relatively mild flu-like illness beginning with a mild headache, then followed by a skin rash, fever, fatigue, conjunctivitis (redness in the eye), and arthralgia (joint pains). Within 2 days, the rash fades, and within 3 days, the fever ends.
There is strong scientific evidence that this virus is the cause of microcephaly (small brain) and other neurological abnormalities in newborn infants.
GUILLIAN-BARRE SYNDROME
Guillain–Barré syndrome is relatively rare condition characterized by the rapid-onset of a neurological illness with muscle weakness that may develop over half a day to four weeks and that may affect the breathing muscles.
预防措施
唯一的预防措施是避免蚊虫叮咬,尤其是在这种病毒活跃爆发的地区。世界卫生组织指出,应建议孕妇不要前往寨卡病毒爆发地区。与性伴侣一起生活或前往寨卡病毒爆发地区旅行的孕妇,应确保在怀孕期间进行安全的性行为或戒除性行为,并在可能的接触后发生性传播风险被感染而没有症状。根据新证据,从寨卡病毒活跃传播地区返回的无症状男性更安全的性行为建议时间从8周延长至6个月。这与有症状男性建议的时间长度相同。现在,无论女性是否有症状,该建议也适用于女性。如果男人的伴侣已怀孕,则夫妻在怀孕期间应使用避孕套或不做爱。感染妇女多长时间后才可以将病毒传播给伴侣。格林-巴雷综合征(Guillain-BarréSyndrome)目前,支持Zika病毒与该综合征之间关联的科学证据正在增长。作为预防措施,旅行者可将接触寨卡病毒的风险降至最低。如果在访问存在寨卡病毒的地区后出现神经系统症状,旅客应立即咨询医生。
处理
There is no vaccine or preventive drug for Zika virus, and only treatment of symptoms is possible.
它常见于哪里?
在乌干达发现后,该病毒已传播到其他非洲国家,例如乌干达,坦桑尼亚,埃及,中非共和国,塞拉利昂和加蓬,以及亚洲的部分地区,包括印度,马来西亚,菲律宾,泰国,越南和印度尼西亚和太平洋几个岛屿。
该病在非洲和亚洲以外的首次爆发是在2007年4月,在密克罗尼西亚联邦的Yap岛上。
2015年4月,巴西的卡马萨里(Camaçari)地区和巴伊亚州首府萨尔瓦多(Salvador)市爆发了一次新的大规模疫情。