Ebola Viral Disease
什么是Ebola Viral Disease？
Ebola Viral Disease (EBV) is a very serious infection caused by one of 4 of the 5 different strains of the Ebola virus. The four viruses are: Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), and Taï Forest virus (TAFV, formerly and more commonly Côte d’Ivoire Ebolavirus (Ivory Coast Ebolavirus, CIEBOV)). EVD produces symptoms that may mimic several other infectious diseases found in Equatorial Africa such as: Marburg virus disease (MVD), other viral hemorrhagic fevers, falciparum malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, rickettsial diseases, cholera, among others.
Although the circulatory system is frequently involved, actual haemorrhaging is infrequent (fewer than 10% of cases). Total blood loss is not usually sufficient to cause death which is more often due to failure of key internal organs due to loss of body fluid from the gastrointestinal track.
如何获得Ebola Viral Disease？
The first person to be infected in an outbreak usually has some exposure to dead primates (monkeys) that harbour the virus, especially when slaughtering them. This first infection then starts a chain of infection from person to person.
People can be exposed to Ebola virus from direct contact with the blood and/or secretions of an infected person. Thus, the virus is often spread through families and friends because they come in close contact with such secretions when caring for infected persons or preparing them for burial. People can also be exposed to Ebola virus through contact with objects, such as needles, that have been contaminated with infected secretions.
Infections may be spread in clinics, hospitals or other health care settings when staff fail to take appropriate precautions before they recognize the patient has Ebola.
Recently, it has been documented that the virus may persist in the semen of recovered patients for some time. As such, the virus may also be transmitted through sexual intercourse.
易感性和抗性
All humans are susceptible.
症状是什么？
EVB initially mimics influenza with general fatigue, fever with chills, joint and muscle aches and chest pain. Nausea leads to abdominal pain, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, and vomiting. A sore throat, cough, and shortness of breath may occur. The central nervous system is affected by the development of severe headaches, agitation, confusion, fatigue, depression, seizures, and sometimes coma.
Although the circulatory system is frequently involved, actual haemorrhaging is infrequent (fewer than 10% of cases). A rash with bruises may occur. Total blood loss is not usually sufficient to cause death which is more often due to failure of key internal organs due to severe dehydration.
预防措施
在卫生保健机构中，如果确实出现疾病病例，则卫生保健提供者必须采取切实可行的严格隔离措施或屏障护理技术。这些技术包括穿着防护服，例如口罩，手套，礼服和护目镜；使用感染控制措施，包括对设备进行彻底消毒；以及将埃博拉患者与未受到保护的人隔离。在爆发疫情的情况下，对社区进行避免与感染者或死者直接接触的教育对于控制病毒的传播至关重要。
处理
There are no specific treatments for this infection. Treatment is primarily supportive, i.e., maintaining hydration, managing organ failure, maintaining oxygen levels, etc.
它常见于哪里？
埃博拉病毒在自然界中的确切分布情况尚不清楚。在刚果民主共和国、加蓬、苏丹、象牙海岸、乌干达、利比里亚、几内亚、塞拉利昂和刚果共和国报告了埃博拉确诊病例。另一种埃博拉病毒株，称为埃博拉-雷斯顿，在菲律宾感染猴子。
