Zambia
关于Zambia
| 货币 | Zambian Kwacha (ZMW) |
| 语言 | English |
| 资本 | Lusaka |
The Republic of Zambia is located in southern Africa between the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north and Zimbabwe to the south. The population is approximately 13.8 million people. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt to the northwest. Although the official language is English, many officially recognised regional languages are spoken (Bemba, Nyanja, Tonga, Lozi, Lunda, Kaonde, Luvale, and Chichewa).
The government of Zambia is a republic with a president as chief of state and head of government. The president is elected by popular vote.
In 1924 this territory was under the British Colonial Office. In 1953, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was formed from remnants of lands, and boundaries were drawn with no consideration for tribal areas and lands or natural boundaries. The lack of cohesiveness led to constant political turmoil for a long period of time. This Federation dissolved in 1963, and in 1964, what was formerly Northern Rhodesia became the independent Republic of Zambia.
Zambia’s economy has depended on copper mining and exports and, therefore, has had strong growth with high copper prices in recent years. Despite the strong copper sector, Zambia is one of the world’s poorest countries and still struggles with high poverty rates, with a majority of the population living below the poverty line. Zambia’s economy is also impacted by high birth rates and a very high incidence of HIV/AIDS. The country has received thousands of refugees fleeing the fighting in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The country’s strong reliance on the copper and mining sector also makes the economy vulnerable to any fluctuations in the price of copper.
The tourism sector in Zambia is small, but in 2007, the parliament passed a mandate to promote and market Zambia as a tourist destination. Zambia has wildlife parks and also Victoria Falls in the southwest. The Zambezi River contains rare species of fish, and the country has diverse species of birds.
推荐接种Zambia的疫苗
对于大多数旅行者来说
乙肝疫苗
该国家存在感染乙型肝炎的巨大风险，因此，建议进行疫苗接种。
甲型肝炎疫苗
该国家存在接触甲型肝炎的巨大风险，因此，建议进行疫苗接种。
对于一些旅行者
狂犬病疫苗
建议参加可能与狂犬病的狗，蝙蝠和其他哺乳动物直接接触的户外活动的旅行者（例如，露营者，远足者，冒险旅行者和洞穴探险者）接种狂犬病疫苗。那些有职业风险的人（例如兽医，野生动植物专业人士，研究人员）以及长期旅行者和外派人员面临的风险更高，应接种疫苗。
麻疹，腮腺炎，风疹（MMR）疫苗
A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.
脊髓灰质炎疫苗
Travellers who intend to visit this country for 4 weeks or more may be required to show proof of polio vaccination taken 4 weeks to 12 months prior to arrival in the country. Failure to produce this documentation may result in vaccination at the entry ports. Childhood vaccinations, including polio, should be up-to-date prior to travel.
黄热病疫苗
该国家/地区要求9月龄或以上的有黄热病传播危险国家的旅客以及经过有黄热病传播危险国家的机场中转超过12小时的旅行者提供黄热病疫苗接种证书。
霍乱疫苗
英国NaTHNaC向那些活动或病史使他们处于高风险，前往霍乱传播活跃地区的旅行者推荐口服霍乱疫苗。这些风险因素包括：援助人员；那些在霍乱疫情爆发地区喝水和医疗服务有限的人；对其进行疫苗接种可能被认为可能有益的旅行者，例如慢性病。 美国疾病预防控制中心向年龄在18-64岁且计划前往霍乱传播活跃地区的旅行者推荐霍乱疫苗。疾病预防控制中心指出，大多数旅行者不会前往霍乱传播活跃地区，安全的饮食和饮水习惯可以预防许多霍乱感染。
伤寒疫苗
在该国，由于食用不安全的食物和水，有遭受伤寒的危险。由于在这个国家/地区，暴露于不安全来源的情况有所不同，因此通常建议接种伤寒疫苗，尤其是在拜访食物和水源受到污染的较小城市或农村地区时。
推荐药物治疗Zambia。
对于一些旅行者
抗疟药
推荐的抗疟疾药物包括阿托伐醌-鸟嘌呤，强力霉素或甲氟喹。存在对氯喹的抗疟疾药物耐药性。
需要注意的疾病为Zambia。
对于大多数旅行者来说
Hepatitis A
在赞比亚，受污染的食物或水有很大的A型肝炎病毒暴露风险。
Chikungunya Fever
基孔肯雅热在这个国家发生。
Dengue Fever
赞比亚发生登革热暴发。
Cholera
赞比亚爆发霍乱疫情。除非在赞比亚生活或工作在卫生条件差，喝未经处理的水或吃不好的煮熟或生的海鲜，否则旅行者的风险很低。
Hepatitis B
在赞比亚，存在乙型肝炎的重大风险。
对于一些旅行者
Rabies
狂犬病发生在这个国家。参与户外活动的旅行者（例如露营者，远足者，冒险旅行者和洞穴探险者）可能与狂犬病的狗，蝙蝠和其他哺乳动物直接接触。那些有职业风险的人（例如兽医，野生动植物专业人士，研究人员）以及长期旅行者和外派人员面临的风险更高。
Polio
Vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) was detected in this country, with the potential risk of global circulation. Unvaccinated or under-vaccinated travellers are at a higher risk if they come in direct contact with an infected person or through contaminated food and water, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas with poor hygiene standards.
Hanta Virus
There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.
Rift Valley Fever (RVF)
Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.
African Tick Bite Fever
This disease may occur in this country. Ticks that cause this disease are usually most active from November through April. Travellers engaging in outdoor activities such as camping, hiking, and game hunting in wooded, brushy, or grassy areas may be at a higher risk.
Measles
There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.
Malaria
赞比亚所有地区（包括卢萨卡）都有疟疾风险。
Schistosomiasis
在赞比亚发现了血吸虫病。氯化程度高的游泳池和海洋中与盐水的接触不会使旅行者面临血吸虫病的危险。
Typhoid Fever
在赞比亚，未接种疫苗的人可能会受到污染的食物和水的感染，尤其是在访问可能污染食物和水源的较小城市，村庄或农村地区时。
Yellow Fever
该国家/地区要求9月龄或以上的有黄热病传播危险国家的旅客以及经过有黄热病传播危险国家的机场中转超过12小时的旅行者提供黄热病疫苗接种证书。
Tuberculosis
结核病发生在这个国家。如果去探望患病的朋友或家人，在医疗保健领域工作或与普通人群密切接触，前往该国的旅行者就有患肺结核的危险。
Sleeping Sickness (Type 2)
非洲锥虫病（“昏睡病”）仅发生在赞比亚农村。前往市区的旅行者没有危险。
安全保卫工作在Zambia
个人安全
When travelling in Zambia, be alert and aware of personal safety in your surroundings due to the high level of crime in the country. Tourists can be at risk of petty crime, such as pick-pocketing. Valuables, passports, and travel documents should be kept safe and out of sight at all times. Avoid showing signs of affluence, such as expensive clothing. Armed muggings can also occur, particularly in urban areas and transportation hubs. Avoid walking alone after dark.
Do not accept food or drink or packages from strangers. There have been some reports of the use of the date rape drug in Lusaka.
Illegal drug trafficking occurs. Trafficking is defined as the possession of more than .5 grams of an illegal substance. There are severe penalties for drug-related offences.
Safety risk increases after dark. Do not walk alone after dark. When driving, keep doors and windows closed and locked. Avoid driving after dark outside main towns. Vehicles may not be well maintained and may not meet safety standards, and drivers may not follow standard rules of the road. It is illegal to talk on cell phones when driving and also illegal to drink and drive. Road conditions outside the main towns may be poor.
Public transportation can be dangerous due to unsafe vehicles, unsafe driving standards, and poor road conditions.
Same-sex relations are illegal in Zambia. Anyone caught engaging in same-sex behaviours could receive a long prison sentence.
It is illegal to photograph sites that could be considered sensitive, such as military installations, military personnel, government buildings or infrastructure such as bridges.
极端暴力
Although there have been no terrorist attacks in the recent past, the threat of terrorism cannot be ruled out.
政治动荡
Minimize safety risk by avoiding public and political gatherings and demonstrations in any city since even peaceful protests can quickly and unexpectedly become violent.
应避免的区域
If possible, avoid all travel to areas bordering the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, and Angola due to border conflicts and the risk of land mines.
