Papua New Guinea
关于Papua New Guinea
| 货币 | Papua New Guinean kina (PGK) |
| 语言 | Hiri Motu; Tok Pisin; English |
| 资本 | Port Moresby |
The Independent State of Papua New Guinea is a group of islands that lie in the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia. The country is comprised of the eastern half of New Guinea along with offshore islands in Melanesia and has a population of about 6.5 million people. The government is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. The chief of state is the Queen of the United Kingdom, represented by a governor. The head of government is a prime minister.
Archeologists believe that the first human inhabitants of Papua New Guinea arrived about 45,000 years ago.
During World War I and up to independence in 1975, Australia administered Papua New Guinea. Australia still maintains close ties and provides aid and peacekeeping forces.
Papua New Guinea has a high level of violence and crime and also has been criticized for human rights violations. In 2012, the country was rated as having the highest level of government corruption. Located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, volcanic activity, earthquakes and sometimes tsunamis are somewhat common.
The tourism industry in Papua New Guinea is developing and the tourism infrastructure is growing. This country has many attractions for travellers, such as the unspoiled natural beauty, vibrant culture with more than 800 indigenous languages, markets, festivals, water sports and hiking.
推荐接种Papua New Guinea的疫苗
对于大多数旅行者来说
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
乙肝疫苗
There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
对于一些旅行者
伤寒疫苗
There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.
黄热病疫苗
There is no risk of yellow fever transmission in this country. However, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers 1 year of age and older arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.
卡介苗芽孢杆菌（BCG）疫苗
BCG vaccine is recommended for those at increased risk from coming in close contact with infected persons or for unvaccinated, children under 16 years of age, who are going to live in the country for more than 3 months.
麻疹，腮腺炎，风疹（MMR）疫苗
A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for infants aged 6 to 11 months.
日本脑炎疫苗
Short-term travellers and those who restrict their visits to urban areas are at very low risk. Those at higher risk are travellers who visit or work in rural agricultural areas such as rice fields and marshland. Long-term travellers and expatriates are also at higher risk. Vaccination is recommended for persons at higher risk.
霍乱疫苗
The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions.
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
推荐药物治疗Papua New Guinea。
对于一些旅行者
抗疟药
Rrecommended anti-malaria medication for areas where malaria is a risk is doxycycline, mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil. Chloroquine resistance is widespread.
需要注意的疾病为Papua New Guinea。
对于大多数旅行者来说
Hepatitis A
There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Papua New Guinea through contaminated food or water.
Cholera
Cholera outbreaks occur in Papua New Guinea. The risk to travellers is low unless living or working in poor sanitary conditions, drinking untreated water or eating poorly cooked or raw seafood in this country.
Hepatitis B
There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Papua New Guinea.
Dengue Fever
Outbreaks of dengue fever may occur.
Chikungunya Fever
Outbreaks of chikungunya fever may occur.
对于一些旅行者
Yellow Fever
There is no risk of yellow fever transmission in this country. However, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers 1 year of age and older arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.
Ross River Fever
Ross River virus disease may occur in this country.
Hanta Virus
There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.
Measles
There is a risk of acquiring Measles in this country.
Japanese encephalitis
All areas are affected. There is increased risk of infection in rural areas. The transmission season may be year- round.
Malaria
There is a high risk of Malaria in Papua New Guinea below 1,800 meters.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis occurs in Papua New Guinea. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the healthcare field, or having close prolonged contact with a sick person.
Typhoid Fever
Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Papua New Guinea, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.
Zika Fever
There is transmission of the Zika virus in this country.
Rabies
Rabies may occur in Papua New Guinea. Most travellers are considered to be at low risk. However, bats may carry bat lyssavirus (bat rabies). Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with animals that carry the virus. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.
安全保卫工作在Papua New Guinea
个人安全
There is a high rate of serious crime in Papua New Guinea and lack of law and order in some parts of the country, mainly due to tensions between various ethnic groups, which can lead to community-based violence. Violent crime does occur and some thieves use machetes or guns. You are at greater risk if travelling alone.
Kidnapping can occur for criminal, political, or ideological reasons. Foreigners have been targets in the past.
With respect to your personal safety, be cautious and aware of your surroundings at all times, especially at night. Keep valuables secured and out of sight. Safeguard your important documents, such as your passport. Do not walk after dark. High crime areas include Port Moresby, Mount Hagen, Lae, Goroka, and other urban areas. Avoid any squatter or settlement areas in cities.
Exercise extreme caution at banks and cash machines.
Carjacking is a risk and does occur, particularly in Port Moresby and Lae. Always keep car doors locked and windows up. Avoid travel by road after dark. If you must travel after dark, travel in a convoy or with a security escort. Many roads are in poor condition.
The safest way to travel in Papua New Guinea is with a reputable tour operator. Exercise caution in the coastal waters of Papua New Guinea as piracy has been reported. Cyclones, flooding, and landslides are likely. Always stay alert about the weather forecast and heed the advice of local authorities. Be aware that travel plans may be disrupted or canceled in the event of extreme weather. PNG is located in a seismic zone; earthquakes and resulting tsunamis may occur along the coastlines. Frequent volcanic eruptions are likely due to the presence of several active volcanoes, particularly near Rabaul in East New Britain province, Kimbe in West New Britain province, and Manam Island in Madang province, East Sepik province, and Bougainville.
Avoid using Public Motor Vehicles (PMV’s), which are local taxis or buses due to poor maintenance, and also criminal activity. Travel by taxi or by transportation arranged by the hotel is safer and preferable.
Rape and sexual assault are problems in this country, and there have been reports of foreigners being targeted. Women should be particularly cautious and not travel alone in this country.
Same-sex relationships are against the law, and anyone found violating this law could be imprisoned. Avoid open displays of affection between members of the same sex.
If you plan to hike trails in PNG, travel with a guide through a reputable tour company. Exercise caution on the Kokoda Track, the Black Cat Track, Mt. Wilhelm, Mt. Giluwe, or other hiking trails. Parts of the trail can be closed due to land disputes, and attacks against hikers have occurred on trails. A group of hikers were attacked on the Black Cat Track in Morobe Province in September 2013 with two people left dead and several injured. Hikers will need a valid trekking permit.
Unexploded ordnance from World War II still exists in PNG, particularly along the Kokoda Trail and at Milne Bay and Rabual.
政治动荡
There are tensions between ethnic or clan groups throughout the country. Violence involving weapons can break out unexpectedly between groups and lead to general lawlessness. This violence has occurred in settlement areas and marketplaces in various urban areas.
To minimize risk, check with local enforcement officials and local media for new developments of civil unrest or conflict before travelling to a new area.
Always avoid large gatherings or demonstrations, as they have turned violent in the past.
应避免的区域
Depending on your destination, you may want to consider using a security escort.
High-risk areas include:
The highway between Lae and Nadzab Airport, especially between Kainantu and Goroka, is an area where criminals have been known to set up roadblocks to attack and rob vehicles. The area around Parliament House in Port Moresby is particularly unsafe, especially after working hours.
The border area with Indonesia is dangerous due to armed conflict between the Free Papua Movement and Indonesian military. The Wutung border post can be closed without warning. Porgera Township in Enga Province in the northern highlands has seen violence related to illegal mining. A state of emergency has been in effect indefinitely since May 2014.
Violent incidents have been reported in central and southern Bougainville, Lae, The Highlands, and Oro Province. Safety and security in Bougainville has improved, but the old Panguna mine remains off limits. If you are there without proper authorization, your passport can be confiscated. There is a risk of ethnic conflicts in the settlement areas of Port Moresby, Southern Highlands, Western Highlands, Eastern Highlands, Hela, Enga, Lae and Jiwaka.
