Myanmar (Burma)
关于Myanmar (Burma)
| 货币 | Kyat (MMK) |
| 语言 | Burmese |
| 资本 | Naypyidaw (former capital was Rangoon) |
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar is located in Southeast Asia between Thailand and Bangladesh and bordering on the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The population is about 55 million people. Although Myanmar is the country’s official name, the opposition, as well as some other countries, still use the name Burma since they question the authority of the ruling military and present government to change the name of the country.
From 1962 to 2011, Burma was ruled by a very suppressive military regime. In 2010 the first general election in 20 years took place. Although there were allegations of widespread fraud, the election was seen as a very important step towards democracy. In March 2011, a unitary presidential parliamentary government took power. A president is the chief of state and head of government. In 2012 parliamentary by-elections were held. The pro-democracy opposition party and its leader, Aung San Suu Kyi, won a landslide victory and parliamentary seats.
Myanmar’s economy suffers from years of stagnation, isolation, and government corruption. The country is rich in fertile soil, precious gems, teak, and offshore gas and oil. The general population, however, does not benefit from these resources. Myanmar is beginning to encourage tourism, mainly in Rangoon, Ngapali Beach, Inle Lake, Bagan, and Mandalay. Tourist facilities are limited or nonexistent in many parts of the country.
推荐接种Myanmar (Burma)的疫苗
对于大多数旅行者来说
乙肝疫苗
该国家存在感染乙型肝炎的巨大风险，因此，建议进行疫苗接种。
甲型肝炎疫苗
该国家存在接触甲型肝炎的巨大风险，因此，建议进行疫苗接种。
对于一些旅行者
霍乱疫苗
英国NaTHNaC向那些活动或病史使他们处于高风险，前往霍乱传播活跃地区的旅行者推荐口服霍乱疫苗。这些风险因素包括：援助人员；那些在霍乱疫情爆发地区喝水和医疗服务有限的人；对其进行疫苗接种可能被认为可能有益的旅行者，例如慢性病。 美国疾病预防控制中心向年龄在18-64岁且计划前往霍乱传播活跃地区的旅行者推荐霍乱疫苗。疾病预防控制中心指出，大多数旅行者不会前往霍乱传播活跃地区，安全的饮食和饮水习惯可以预防许多霍乱感染。
狂犬病疫苗
建议参加可能与狂犬病的狗，蝙蝠和其他哺乳动物直接接触的户外活动的旅行者（例如，露营者，远足者，冒险旅行者和洞穴探险者）接种狂犬病疫苗。那些有职业风险的人（例如兽医，野生动植物专业人士，研究人员）以及长期旅行者和外派人员面临的风险更高，应接种疫苗。
黄热病疫苗
不建议在该国家接种黄热病疫苗。但是，该国家/地区要求从有黄热病传播危险的国家/地区来的1岁及以上的旅客以及经过有黄热病传播危险的国家/地区的机场中转超过12小时的旅行者，需要黄热病疫苗接种证书。缅甸国民和居民在离开有黄热病传播危险的区域时，必须持有疫苗接种证明。
伤寒疫苗
在该国，由于食用不安全的食物和水，有遭受伤寒的危险。由于在这个国家内暴露于不安全来源的情况有所不同，因此通常建议接种伤寒疫苗，尤其是在访问可能污染食品和水源的较小城市或农村地区时。
麻疹，腮腺炎，风疹（MMR）疫苗
One dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) is recommended to infants 6 to 11 months prior to international travel.
卡介苗芽孢杆菌（BCG）疫苗
A BCG vaccine is recommended for all unvaccinated adults and children under 16 years of age, staying in the country for more than 3 months. A tuberculin skin test is required prior to administering vaccination for all children from 6 years of age.
日本脑炎疫苗
推荐使用这种疫苗，因为日本脑炎在该国终年发生，季节性高峰从5月到10月。
推荐药物治疗Myanmar (Burma)。
对于一些旅行者
抗疟药
建议在Bago，Kachin，Kayah，Kayn，Shan和Tanintharyi等省使用Atovaquone-proguanil或强力霉素，因为在某些省份已报告对甲氟喹有抗药性。对于所有其他区域，建议使用甲氟喹，阿托伐醌-异丙胍或强力霉素。存在对氯喹和甲氟喹的抗疟药耐药性。在与泰国接壤的该国东南部，对青蒿素的耐药性正在出现。
需要注意的疾病为Myanmar (Burma)。
对于大多数旅行者来说
Hepatitis B
这个国家存在接触乙型肝炎的巨大风险。
Cholera
霍乱发生在这个国家。
Hepatitis A
这个国家存在染上甲型肝炎的巨大风险。
Dengue Fever
登革热在这个国家发生。
Chikungunya Fever
该国发生基孔肯雅热。
对于一些旅行者
Scrub Typhus
This disease generally occurs year-round in Myanmar.
Leishmaniasis
There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in the country.
Measles
There is a risk of exposure to measles in the country.
Hanta Virus
There is a risk of acquiring hantavirus in Myanmar through contaminated food or by coming into contact with someone infected with the virus
Schistosomiasis
这种疾病的零星病例发生在这个国家。
Zika Fever
寨卡病毒可能是缅甸（缅甸）的地方病。前往缅甸（缅甸）的旅行者的风险未知。
Malaria
疟疾全年海拔不到1000米（少于3,281英尺）。包括曼德勒和仰光（仰光）在内的城市和市区都没有疟疾。中部平原普遍没有疟疾。
Typhoid Fever
在该国存在伤寒的风险，尤其是与朋友或亲戚在一起或访问较小的城市，乡村或农村地区时，伤寒可能会因受污染的食物或水而引起。
Tuberculosis
结核病发生在这个国家。如果去探望患病的朋友或家人，在医疗保健领域工作或与普通人群密切接触，前往该国的旅行者就有患肺结核的危险。
Yellow Fever
在这个国家没有黄热病传播的风险。但是，这个国家/地区要求从有黄热病传播危险的国家/地区来的1岁及以上的旅行者以及通过有黄热病传播危险的国家/地区的机场中转超过12小时的旅行者，需要黄热病疫苗接种证书。 缅甸国民和居民在离开有黄热病传播危险的区域时，必须持有疫苗接种证明。
Rabies
狂犬病发生在这个国家。参与户外活动的旅行者（例如露营者，远足者，冒险旅行者和洞穴探险者）可能与狂犬病的狗，蝙蝠和其他哺乳动物直接接触。那些有职业风险的人（例如兽医，野生动植物专业人士，研究人员）以及长期旅行者和外派人员面临的风险更高。
Japanese encephalitis
在农村地区，最常见的是5月至10月之间接触日本脑炎的风险。 Shan邦爆发了疫情。
安全保卫工作在Myanmar (Burma)
个人安全
Crime rate has increased since the February 2021 coup d’état. Petty theft, mugging, and burglary do occur in Myanmar. There have been some reports of violent crime toward foreigners. Always be alert and aware of your surroundings. Ensure that your personal belongings, passports and other travel documents are secure at all times
Have two photocopies of valuable papers, such as passport, tickets, etc., and keep one copy in a separate location. You could be required to show a passport and visa to authorities when travelling by air or rail and staying at hotels.
Avoid carrying excessive cash. Avoid showing signs of wealth to minimize the risk of becoming a target for theft.
Get permission from the Myanmar tourist authorities before travelling outside Rangoon, as there are officially-designated tourist areas. Travel is strictly controlled in this country.
Transportation can be dangerous in Myanmar due to aggressive driving, badly maintained roads, lack of street lighting, and people and animals on the roads. Avoid travelling by road at night. It is illegal to drive in Myanmar without a valid Myanmar driver’s license. Air, rail, and public transportation often do not meet international safety standards and can be dangerous. Fatal accidents have occurred.
For sports and adventure activities, ensure you have proper safety equipment. The safety standards in this country may not meet expected standards.
Only use taxis with red license plates, as these are registered taxis.
Penalties for drug-related crimes are severe and include the death penalty.
It is against the law to photograph military installations or military personnel.
Never touch or pat a child on the head. This is considered offensive.
Medications sold in Myanmar may be counterfeit. Ensure you have adequate supplies of your prescription medications or other medical supplies you may need. Keep your prescriptions and medicines in the original containers or packaging.
极端暴力
Since the military takeover, the incidence of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and attacks has increased, resulting in a highly volatile environment where violence occurs across the entire country. Civil unrest and acts of politically motivated violence may occur anywhere and at any time, particularly leading up to and during days or events of national significance. Such attacks usually occur in major cities such as Yangon, Mandalay, and Nay Pyi Taw, targeting public venues frequented by foreigners. Other regions include parts of Chin, Kachin, Kayin, Rakhine, and Shan states, as well as the Sagaing and Magway regions. There is also a high risk of clashes between armed groups and the military in major urban centres.
政治动荡
There is the potential for political violence. As the political scenario in Myanmar is unstable and unpredictable, there is a higher likelihood of opposition attacks and an increased presence of security forces. Some areas in Myanmar are under a state of martial law; others may have curfews or’stay at home’ orders. In the case of Yangon (and a few other townships), there is a curfew from midnight until 4 a.m. Demonstrations take place regularly across the country, particularly in Yangon and Mandalay. Security forces have been using excessive and lethal force against protesters in several locations, which has resulted in many casualties. National dates of significance may see rallies and silent strikes, and there’s a higher likelihood of opposition attacks.
应避免的区域
Travellers are advised to avoid unnecessary travel to the border areas with China, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, and Laos due to armed conflict, banditry, and areas with landmines. Due to ongoing violence and volatile situation, many casualties along with disruptions in road and rail travel have been reported in parts of Chin (Paletwa Township), Kachin, Rakhine, and northern Shan States.
